The facts of the case and the conclusions and arguments of the parties put forward during the written procedure may be summarized as follows:
<TI><NP><NO.P>I —</NO.P><TXT>Facts and written procedure</TXT></NP></TI><TI><NP><NO.P>1.</NO.P><TXT>Background provisions</TXT></NP></TI>This case should be seen against the background of the following provisions:
- (a)In the version in force until 31 March 1979, Article 63 of the Staff Regulations of Officials provided that:
An official's remuneration shall be expressed in Belgian francs.
It shall be paid in the currency of the country in which the official performs his duties.
Remuneration paid in a currency other than Belgian francs shall be calculated on the basis of the par values accepted by the International Monetary Fund, and in force on 1 January 1965.
The relevant parity was BFR 12.50.to DM 1 and BFR 8 to IXT 100.
In accordance with Article 17 of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations, an official may ask to have part of his emoluments transferred, either regularly or on an exceptional basis, to a country other than the one in which he performs his duties. Until 31 March 1979 Article 17 (4) provided that such transfers were to be made through the institution to which the official belonged at the official rate of exchange in force at the date of the transfer. The official rate of exchange within the meaning of that provision was the last parity accepted by the International Monetary Fund, which had not been altered since 1 November 1969 (for example, BFR 13.66 to DM 1).
After the collapse in 1971 of the international system of fixed exchange rates, which is at the heart of those provisions, the parities came to reflect less and less the purchasing power of the currencies involved and their value on the international money market. Officials who made transfers to countries the value of whose currency had increased in relation to the parities notified to the International Monetary Fund were thus able to realize gains on the exchange rate, as compared with transfers made in normal market conditions.
In accordance with the legal position existing prior to 1 April 1979 the weighting provided for in Article 64 of the Staff Regulations to reflect the living standards at the place where the official performed his duties had to be applied to the whole of the remuneration including the part to be transferred to another country pursuant to Article 17 of Annex VII. This led to an increase in the weighting for officials assigned to countries such as Italy where the value of the currency had decreased in relation to the parities notified to the International Monetary Fund and to a reduction in the weighting for officials assigned to countries whose currency had gained in value in relation to the parities of the Fund. However, the applicant maintains that the increase made in the weighting was very slight. For example, the weighting for Italy was increased, in figures, from 100 to 146.9, whereas the exchange rate had fallen from 12.5 lire for 1 Belgian franc to 28 lire for 1 Belgian franc.
Pensioners were able to derive special advantages from those provisions. If they declared their domicile to be in a country whose currency had diminished in value, the weighting in respect of that country was applied to their pension in accordance with Article 82 (1) of the Staff Regulations. Article 45 of Annex VIII to the Staff Regulations gave them the opportunity of having their pensions paid in the strong currency of their country of origin or of that of the seat of the institution to which they belonged. This state of affairs was condemned by Advocate General Mayras in his Opinion in Case 28/74 (Gillet, [1975] ECR 475).
From 1974 onwards the Commission has submitted proposals to the Council with a view to abolishing the anomalies in the rules governing the payment of remuneration and pensions brought about by the breakdown in the international system of fixed exchange rates.
The proposal for a Council regulation amending the Staff Regulations of Officials, submitted to the Council by the Commission on 13 June 1974 (Official Journal C 88, p. 25) provided for an amended version of Article 17 (4) of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations as follows:
Transfers provided for in paragraphs (2) and (3) shall be made on the basis of the par values referred to in the last paragraph of Article 63 of the Staff Regulations; the amounts transferred shall be multiplied by a coefficient representing the difference between the weighting for the country in whose currency the transfer is made and the weighting for the country in which the official is employed.
On 1 April 1977 the Commission submitted to the Council a proposal for a Council regulation introducing the European unit of account (EUA) into the Staff Regulations of Officials (Official Journal C 99, p. 5). That proposal was rejected by the Staff Regulations Committee to which it had been referred. The Council obtained the opinion of the European Parliament and of the Court of Justice. By resolution of 7 July 1977 (Official Journal C 183, p. 55) the Parliament approved the proposal taking note of the Commission's assurance that its proposal will in no way affect the real value of the payments made to officials in the form of remuneration, pensions and allowances. At the sitting the Commissioner responsible for administration, Mr Tugendhat, stated: The object of the Commission's system is financial neutrality, and what we think that our system can achieve is an equality of purchasing power. What we want is that a Commission official of a given grade, whether he is working in Brussels or Luxembourg or London or any other part of the Community, should be able to buy exactly the same quantity of goods as his equal in another part of the Community ... The problem of transfers is also one that has preoccupied the Commission. There is a proposal for an amendment of the Staff Regulations now under consideration. In our view, that amendment must be adopted no later than the present draft regulation and that, I think, covers another point about which there has been concern.
The Council did not succeed in 1978 in adopting the regulation proposed by the Commission on 6 October 1976 (Official Journal C 271, p. 5) on the procedure for applying the European unit of account (EUA) to the legal acts adopted by the institutions of the European Communities. The Commission therefore set to work to bring up to date, in the light of the situation thereby created, the exchange rates in respect of remuneration for officials as envisaged by the proposal of 1 April 1977. In an annex to its Report in 1978 on the yearly survey of the level of remuneration (COM(78) 673 final of 29 November 1978) the Commission sent the following communication to the Council on which neither the Parliament, the Court of Justice nor the Staff Regulations Committee was consulted:
... The first two paragraphs of Article 63 are to be replaced by the following: Officials remuneration shall be expressed in Belgian francs. It shall be paid in the currency of the country in which the official performs his duties. Remuneration paid in a currency other than Belgian francs shall be calculated on the basis of the exchange rates used for the implementation of the general budget of the European Communities on ...
The Commission urges the Council to adopt the aforementioned article before the end of the year as well as Article 17 of Annex VII which is the result of the Council's studies relating to the amendments to the Staff Regulations ...
The ... regulation should come into effect on 1 January 1979 ... and should apply from 1 April 1979. However, for pensioners in receipt of allowances whose net financial benefits will be less than those under the existing arrangements, the regulation will apply only from 1 October 1979.
- (b)On 21 December 1978 the Council adopted Regulation No 3085/78 (Official Journal 1978 L 369, p. 6), amending, with particular reference to the monetary parities to be used, Regulation No 259/68 laying down the Staff Regulations of Officials of the European Communities and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the Communities, Regulation No 2530/72 and Regulation No 1543/73 concerning certain special measures. The regulation embodies the wording of the communication from the Commission of 29 November 1978 and also the formula contained in the proposal of 1 April 1977 concerning the weighting to be applied to amounts transferred. The Council added, however: From that date the difference between the net amounts resulting from the implementation of the regulation and those received in September 1979 shall be reduced by Vio per month. The regulation fixes 1 July 1978 as the relevant date for calculating remuneration paid in a currency other than Belgian francs on the basis of the exchange rates used for the implementation of the general budget ot the Communities and goes on to state that that date shall be changed at the time of the annual review of remuneration.
- (c)Hand in hand with the bringing up to date of the rates of exchange, the Council adopted Regulation No 3086/78 of 21 December 1978 (Official Journal L 369, p. 8) adjusting the weightings applicable to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Communities following the amendment of the provisions of the Staff Regulations concerning the monetary parities to be used in implementing the Staff Regulauons, which amended the value of the weightings according to the various places of employment. In order to do that the Commission and the Council of the European' Communities used a formula the intended result of which was that in the case of each official or other servant employed outside Belgium or Luxembourg the remuneration for April 1979 would be maintained at the same level as that of the previous month. However, in the applicant's view, as far. as the disposable amount of his remuneration is concerned, that formula resulted in the changes which he sets out in detail in these proceedings, namely a reduction of about 25%.
In fixing the weighting referred to in Article 64 of the Staff Regulations, the Council and the Commission have, since 1967, used the following procedure for comparing the level of prices between Brussels and the various other places of employment. The Statistical Office of the European Communities, in conjunction with the competent national offices, carries out regular price surveys in respect of goods and services considered as representing typical items of household expenditure for officials in the various places of employment. In respect of each item the relationship is calculated between the price in Brussels and the price prevailing in the town which is used as the point of reference for the place where the official performs his duties. By the use of this weighung it is possible to calculate the relative purchasing power of currencies in the countries where the officials of die Community perform their duues. For example, the index calculated using the Fisher method expresses in a single figure the relationship of prices in Brussels to those in Rome and vice vena. That figure is used for calculating the weightings within the Community because it expresses the relationship of prices from one town to another in a reversible manner and because it is therefore possible to make not only bilateral but also multilateral pnce comparisons. According to this method, the weighting is obtained by dividing the Fisher index calculated as described above, by the corresponding rate of exchange used to convert the remuneration of officials into the respective national currencies in accordance with Article 63 of the Staff Regulauons. In October and November 1975 a comparative study of prices was earned out in all the capitals of the Community.
- (d)Reguládon No 3087/78 of 21 December 1978 adjusting the weighting applicable to the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Communities employed or having a home in Italy (Official Journal L 369, p. 10) provides:
The Council of the European Communities ...
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
Whereas the weighting for Italy should be corrected in line with the findings of the statistical surveys carried out by the Statistical Office of the European Communities,
has adopted this regulation: Article 1
- 1.With effect from 1 January 1978, the weighting applicable to the remuneration of officials employed in Italy shall be 146.4.
- 2.With effect from 1 January 1978 the weighting applicable to pensions in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 82 (1) of the Staff Regulations shall be 146.4 where the person entitled to the pension declares his home to be in Italy.
Article 2
The weightings for Italy given in Article 1 of Regulation (Euratom, ECSC, EEC) No 1461/78 is repealed with effect from 1 January 1978.
That regulation was adopted in the following circumstances:
The fall in the value of the Italian lira which depreciated rapidly at the end of 1975 and the beginning of 1976 and the monetary measures taken by the Iulian Government as a result brought about strong inflationary pressure. It led the staff representatives in Ispra to submit a number of pay demands based on their claims that the weighting for Italy no longer reflected the widening gap between the cost of living in Brussels and Ispra and that the weighting calculated according to the Fisher method led in particular to a large gap between the par value of the lira in relation to the Belgian franc on the currency markets and the equivalent value in lire of the remuneration paid to officials at Ispra and considerably reduced the external purchasing power of the remuneration.
From July 1975 the weighting for Italy was 166.6 as against 148.7 for Brussels and Luxembourg. In the spring of 1976 the Commission proposed provisionally to increase the weighting for Italy to 5.5% from 1 January 1976, the final percentage to be fixed once precise statistical data were available. The applicants claim that on 19 March 1976 the Commission of the European Communities also told officials that the examination of the weighting applicable to Italy had absolute priority. The Council did not accept that proposal.
The statistical inquiries to which the Commission referred were conducted by the Statistical Office in May 1976 in the province of Varese. An inquiry into rent levels was then taken into account. The ensuing report found that there was a difference of 8.5% between the weighting for Italy, calculated for Varese by the Statistical Office to be (121.5 to the base 100 for Brussels) and the weighting for Italy adopted by the Council (112.04 to the base 100 for Belgium). Of that 8.5%, 6.7% was attributed to the widening gap between the cost of living index in Italy and that in Belgium from December 1975 to June 1976. According to the Statistical Office approximately 2% might be attributed to the difference in price levels between the Varese and Rome regions.
On 21 December 1976 the Council adopted Regulation No 3177/76 (Official Journal L 359, p. 1) which from 1 July 1976 fixed the weighting at 189.3 for Italy as against 157.8 for Belgium and from 1 January 1977 at 120 for Italy as against 100 for Belgium.
The inquiry was the outcome of various representations made by staff representatives at Ispra to the Commission and in particular of a meeting with the President of the Commission on 23 May 1976. The staff representatives uestioned the statistical method used to ix the weighting and sought to have it amended. They considered the large gap between the purchasing power parities and the monetary parities of remuneration paid in lire to be incompatible with the principle of the equal treatment of officials. That was the result in particular of the fan that prices of imported goods react very much more quickly to the appreciation of a currency on the currency markets than the general price level. Equality of treatment in regard to pay can be attained only by reference to a common European basket of goods and services which are qualitatively and quantitatively identical. The Commission representatives rejected that basis of reference but they did agree that the purchasing power parities used to calculate the weighting might present some distortion. By a telex message of 12 December 1977 the staff representatives asked the Member of the Commission responsible for administrative matters, Mr Tugendhat, to make representations to the Council in order to have the weighting for 1977 acknowledged to be provisional.
In May 1978, in addition to an adjustment of the weightings to the increased cost of living, the Commission proposed to the Council a supplementary increase of 5% in the weightings for Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland.
On 12 June 1978 the President of the Commission met the staff representatives for a discussion on policy. A joint working party was set up in order to study the method of calculating and periodically reviewing the weighting. In its report of 26 July 1978 the party recommended the Commission to submit to the Council a proposal based on these points:
The 1967 list of consumer goods to be brought into line with that used for the 1975 inquiry;
The price adopted in 1975 to be adopted and extrapolated to 1978 using common indices (namely for Rome and Brussels) ;
Justification of the use of those prices by the need to introduce a system enabling weightings to be regularly adjusted.
The Commission representatives stated that the method proposed should apply to the weighting as from 1 January 1978 while the staff representatives believed there was justification for applying it from an earlier date and reserved their freedom of action before the Council on this point. They also pointed out that some disparity still remained owing in particular to the differences in prices between Rome and Varese.
The working party's recommendations were incorporated in the Commission's proposal to the Council of 10 November 1978 to increase the weighting by 6.4o/o as from 1 January 1978 (Doc. COM(78) 591). During the discussions at Council level the staff representatives refused to accept 1 January 1978 as the date for the entry into force of the amended weighting.
After the adoption on 21 December 1978 of Regulation No 3087/78, in January 1979 the administration of the Commission calculated and paid the arrears due in respect of the period from 1 January 1978 to 30 June 1978. At the same time there were paid the arrears due in respect of the period of 1 July 1978 to 31 December 1978 under Council Regulation No 3084/78 of 21 December 1978 adjusting the remuneration and pensions of officials and other servants of the European Communities and the weightings applied thereto (Official Journal L 369, p. 1), which fixed the weighting for Italy at 146.8 with effect from 1 July 1978.
<TI><NP><NO.P>2.</NO.P><TXT>Facts</TXT></NP></TI>The applicant Amesz was engaged as an official by the Commission on 15 March 1961 and with effect from that day was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade A 5. He is a Netherlands national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 46 years old, was married and had four dependent children.
The applicant Bauch was engaged as an official by the Commission on 1 April 1961 and with effect from that date was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade B 1, Step 6. He is a German national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 51 years old, was married and had two dependent children.
The applicant Flamm was engaged as an official by the Commission on 1 July 1962 and with effect from that date was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade A 4. He is a German national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 48 years old, was married and had three dependent children.
The applicant Hoffmann was engaged as an official by the Commission on 3 January 1961 and with effect from that date was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade B 2. He is a German national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 48__years- old, was married and had three dependent children.
The applicant Knoeppel was engaged as an official by the Commission on 1 January 1966 and with effect from that date was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade A 5, Step 7. He is a German national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 45 years old, was married and had three dependent children.
The applicant Nijman was engaged as an official by the Commission on 1 March 1961 and with effect from that date was assigned to the EAEC Joint Research Centre in Ispra. He is now in Grade B 2. He is a Netherlands national. On the date on which this action was brought he was 52 years old, was married and had three dependent children
The method applicable until 31 March 1979 was advantageous for officials employed in Italy. It may be seen from this application that in the case, for example, of two employees of German nationality employed in Brussels and Ispra, in Grade B 3, Step 3, and married with two children at secondary school, who transfer through the Commission to the BHW house-purchase sayings scheme 35% of their net salary (the maximum), the one employed at Ispra obtained in January 1976 12% more than his colleague in Brussels for the part of his salary transferred to the Federal Republic of Germany, whereas in March 1979 he obtained 46.8% more.
Therefore, the applicants claim, a privilege was removed but the disadvantages, which might have been to some degree offset by the advantages of the method previously applied, remained. Those advantages stem for example from the fact that in Italy property values do not increase in the same way as in the Federal Republic of Germany or from the fact that officials employed in Italy have to use a larger portion of their salary to purchase currency if they do not wish to spend their holidays in Italy.
If an official had to change a part of his remuneration, say 35%, into German marks at a bank, an employee working at Ispra obtained in January 1976 34% less and in March 1979 35% less than his colleague in Brussels.
The applicant Amesz used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 3000 |
Other monthly commitments | HFL 2835 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | HFL 585 |
Other monthly commitments, approximately | HFL 100 |
Under the previous transfer system the financial position was as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 255993 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 2079937 |
Transfers: (BHW)DM 3000 Others HFL 3520.48 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1119973 |
| Toul sum | LIT 3199910 |
Under the new system the financial position appears to be as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 122591 |
| Paid | LIT 1353577 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 3000 Others HFL 3520.47 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1847240 |
| Total sum | LIT 3180817 |
On 15 April 1979 the loss was:
| Total sum | LIT 727267 |
| Of total salary | 22.7% |
| Of March salary | 35.0% |
The applicant Bauch used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 2162 |
Building loan from the Commission | BFR 3351 |
Other monthly commitments, approximately | DM 350 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | DM 6600 |
Other commitments, approximately | DM 2542 |
The applicant Bauch has not provided the remainder of the statistical information.
The applicant Flamm used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 3113 |
Building loan from the Commission | BFR 4661 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | DM 10000 |
Annual payment to savings account | DM 15000 |
Other annual commitments, approximately | DM 11000 |
Under the previous transfer system the financial position was as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 241460 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1905575 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 3113 (Commission) BFR 4661 (Others) DM 3062.30 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1112700 |
| Total sum | LIT 3018275 |
Under the new system the financial position appears to be as follows :
| Net salary | BFR 115632 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1123655 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 3113 (Commission) BFR 4661 (Others) DM 3062.30 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1895474 |
| Total sum | LIT 3019129 |
On 15 April 1979 the loss was:
| Total sum | LIT 782774 |
| Of the total salary | 25.9% |
| Of the salary for March | 41.1% |
The applicant Hoffmann used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 1830 |
Building loan from the Commission | BFR 3985 |
Other monthly commitments | DM 1100 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | DM 6000 |
Monthly payment to savings account, approximately | DM 500 |
Under the previous transfer system the financial position was as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 215991 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1512801 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 1830 (Commission) BFR 3985 (Others) DM 2164.09 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 731806 |
| Total sum | LIT 2244607 |
Under the new system the financial position appears to be as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 85986 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1001331 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 1830 (Commission) BFR 3985 (Others) DM 2164.08 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1243772 |
| Total sum | LIT 2245103 |
On 15 April 1979 the loss was:
| Total sum | LIT 511966 |
| Of total salary | 19.0% |
| Of March salary | 33.8% |
The applicant Knoeppel used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 1924 |
Building loan from the Commission | BFR 3402 |
Other monthly commitments | DM 245 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | DM 8400 |
Monthly payment to savings account, approximately | DM 1400 |
Other monthly commitments, approximately | DM 1200 |
Under the previous transfer system the financial position was as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 230113 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1892263 |
Transfers : (BHW) DM 1924 (Commission) BFR 3402 (Others) DM 3587.29 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 983580 |
| Total sum | LIT 2876443 |
Under the new system the financial position appears to be as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 110198 |
| Paid | LIT 1199504 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 1924 (Commission) DM 3587.29 (Other) BFR 3402 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 677750 |
| Total sum | LIT 2877254 |
On 15 April 1979 the loss was:
| Total sum | LIT 894170 |
| Of total salary | 24.1% |
| Of March salary | 36.7% |
The applicant Nijman used the direct transfer method in order to pay the following expenses:
| Transfer of remuneration | DM 2085 |
Other monthly commitments | HFL 2000 |
Annual holidays in the country of origin, approximately | HFL 3200 |
Monthly payment to savings account, approximately | HFL 1100 |
Under the previous transfer system the financial position was as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 196304 |
| Amount thereof paid | LIT 1647438 |
Transfers: (BHW) DM 2085 (Others) DM 2608.82 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 806361 |
| Total sum | DT 2453799 |
Under the new system the financial position appears to be as follows:
| Net salary | BFR 94007 |
| Paid | LIT 1123693 |
Transfers : (BHW) DM 2085 (Others) DM 2608.82 | |
| Sum in lire | LIT 1328400 |
| Total sum | LIT 2452093 |
On 15 April 1979 the loss was:
| Total sum | LIT 522039 |
| Of total salary | 21.3% |
| Of March salary | 31.7% |
<TI><NP><NO.P>3.</NO.P><TXT>Written procedure</TXT></NP></TI>By identical complaints submitted under Article 90 (2) of the Staff Regulations a large number of officials at Ispra made objection to a reduction of approximately 26% in their actual remuneration which they claimed was the result of the application of Regulations Nos 3085 and 3086/78. They claimed that those regulations were unlawful and that Regulation No 3087/78 had not been given sufficient retroactive effect and asked for measures to be taken to make up for the loss in purchasing power which they claimed had taken place in 1976 and 1977.
The applicants sent their complaints to the Commission on 27 March and 11 April 1979.
On 12 July 1979 the Commission rejected those complaints.
By fresh complaints submitted in June 1979 and identical in form a large number of officials at Ispra objected to the application to their remuneration for April 1979 of Regulations Nos 3085 and 3086/78 and the updated exchange rates fixed by those regulations and to the changes in the method whereby officials transferred a pan of their monthly salary to a country other than that in which they were employed.
The applicants' complaints were received at the Commission on 21 June 1979.
On 28 September 1979 the Commission replied to the complaints of 21 June 1979 and once again to the complaints of 11 April 1979.
These applications against the Commission and the Council were received at the Court on 11 October 1979 at the same time as 199 other parallel applications (Cases 530 to 729/79 and 781/79).
By a letter of 27 December 1979 the applicants amended their applications to challenge, in addition to the salary statement for April 1979, that for January 1979.
By document dated 11 January 1980 the Council raised an objection of inadmissibility.
By a letter of 8 February 1980 the Commission submitted its observations on the amendment of the applications contending that the period prescribed for bringing an action against the statements of 15 January 1979 had expired in October 1979.
On 19 June 1980 the Commission withdrew that objection.
On hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur and the views of the Advocate General, the Court (First Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure as to admissibility without any preparatory inquiry.
By order dated 10 November 1981, the Court (First Chamber) decided to join the present cases for the purposes of the oral procedure and judgment.
By order dated 10 November 1981 the Court (First Chamber) decided that these applications were inadmissible in so far as they were directed against the Council.
<TI><NP><NO.P>III —</NO.P><TXT>Submissions and arguments of the parties</TXT></NP></TI>It should be noted that the applicants and the Commission request the Court to regard the arguments put forward in the parallel case Birke (543/79) as forming an integral part of their arguments in these cases.
The applicants Amesz, Hoffmann, Knoeppel and Nijman lay stress on the fact that they require the amounts transferred to Article 17 of Annex VII for the payment of their children's school fees and the applicant Bauch for the payment of voluntary contributions to the legal insurance pension scheme or for the payment of monthly instalments for a building loan granted by the Commission or obtained in the context of other long-term commitments entered into in particular with the BHW. The applicants take the view that the procedure introduced by Regulation No 3085/78 altered the situation as regards their emoluments to such an extent that they can no longer adequately cover their essential requirements in Italy if they continue to carry out long-term commitments contracted by them on the basis of a practice of transfers going back several years.
The Commission is of the opinion that a distinction must be made between the level of the remuneration and the transfer system for emoluments. Regulations Nos 3085/78 and 3086/78 brought about no reduction in the emoluments received by officials. They simply had thé effen of eliminating advantages not provided for by the legislature which officials from Member States other than Italy who were employed in that Member Sute were able to derive as from 1971, that is to say after the breakdown of the International Monetary System, from the former system of transfers based on superseded IMF exchange rates, until the entry into force of Regulation No 3085/78.
The Commission refers to its pleadings in the Birke case (543/79) in which it claims in particular that by undertaking a reform of the transfer system it properly took care to safeguard the interests of the officials concerned.
Thus, an official employed in Brussels before 1 April 1979 had to use an amount of BFR 13660 for transferring to Germany an amount of DM 100O in accordance with Article 17 of Annex VII. Under the terms of the new rules governing transfers, the amount in question is increased to BFR 15968.
Since the transferred part of the remuneration of that official is not linked to the weighting applicable to Germany, that fact would confer on him, by comparison with an official employed in Germany to whom an identical amount in Deutschmarks is transferred, an increase in purchasing power of BFR 2308. For an official employed in Ispra an identical transfer of DM 1000 to Germany would also have amounted to BFR 13660 at the last IMF rate of BFŔ 13.66 to DM 1. However, converted into lire at the rate of exchange applicable in 1965 (LIT 100 = BFR 8), that amount would have meant a reduction of only LIT 170750 in the part of the remuneration paid in Italy. By the application of the new method, the remuneration at the disposal of that official in Italy is reduced by LIT 293111. Until 1 April 1979 the official employed in Italy was therefore able to realize an increase in his purchasing power of LIT 122361 by reason of the fact that his transfer was not linked to the weighting in force in Germany. The Commission does not see how the maintenance of the situation in force before 1 April 1979 could have been reconciled with the principle of equal treatment.
All the applicants increased the amounts of the transfers pursuant to Article 17 of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations between 1 January 1979 and 1 April 1979 in spite of the fact that they were aware of the imminent reform. To all intents and purposes they therefore agreed to reduce the portion of their remuneration which remained available in Italy. In any event that reduction was nothing other than the price they had to pay for the exchange rate advantages which, during the period prior to 1 April 1979, the application of the transfer system at that time in force had brought them without there being any objective justification for those advantages.
The applicants request the Court to declare that Regulation No 3086/78 ought not to have been applied in the form provided for by a later correction appearing in the Official Journal. The regulation provided for a weighting of 74.3 for Italy which appeared moreover in all the proposals leading up to the adoption of the regulation. On page 43 of Official Journal L 77 of 29 March 1979 a corrigendum of the regulation was published which, to the detriment of the applicants, reduced the weighting for Italy to 70.3. That corrigendum is of no legal effect. The wording of a regulation drafted in a certain way throughout the whole legislative process cannot be amended by a corrigendum emanating from the publication of the Official Journal or from any other administrative authority but only by a new regulation also satisfying the requirements of the procedure for drafting legislative measures.
The applicants claim that the heads of claim should be interpreted to the effect that the applicants' remuneration ought to be calculated in accordance with the regulation as published in its original version. Consequendy the applicants are entitled to payment of the amount of the resulting difference.
The Commission's statement that none of the promises or guarantees which it gave to the Parliament or the latter's resolution related to transfers and that the Parliament itself authorized the losses incurred is wrong as is shown by Written Question No 2140/80 addressed by Mr Linkohr to the Commission:
1.The implementation of Council Regulations 3085/78 and 3086/78 has in part led to substantial decreases in the salaries of Community officials. Officials whose place of employment is in Italy have been particularly affected, suffering in some cases reductions of more than 30 %.Why has the Commission not kept the assurances given to Parliament that:
- (a)its proposals would in no way affect the real value of the payments made to officials in the form of remunerations and allowances;
and
- (b)its proposals would in no way adversely affect the remunerations and other allowances of officials and other servants of the European Communities?
The question whether the weighting, altered by Council Regulation No 3087/78, is to take account of the cost of living in Varese or in Rome is crucial. At the sitting in February 1981 the Commission's representative stated that, as regards the weightings applicable to places of employment, only the capitals could be taken into consideration because of the muliplicity of places of employment which made it difficult to adopt any different procedures. However, under the Staff Regulations it is the actual place of employment which is relevant and not the capiul of the country, seeing that approximately 1800 officials are employed in Varese and approximately 20 in Rome. Moreover it should be added that a weighting existed until 1970 for Varese. On 17 March 1981 the Commission informed the Council that as regards the weightings applicable to the place of employment it was necessary to take into account not only the capitals of the Member States but also the other places of employment in those countries in which it appeared from objective factors that there was a risk of significant distortions regard being had to the information recorded in the capiul of the country in question when remuneration levels were established (Doc. COM(81) 109 final).
The applicants dispute the Commission's argument to the effect that Regulations Nos 3085/78 and 3086/78 brought about no reduction in the remuneration paid to officials and claim that officials employed in Italy, in obtaining currency on the free market, had to spend for example LIT 26 for BFR 1, in other words, clearly more than was paid to them by application of the parity for salaries of LIT 18.35 to BFR 1. It was also specifically for that reason that the number of officials who could make transfers under Article 17 of Annex VII was extended.
The applicants reject the Commission's argument that they ought to compare the losses incurred in April 1979 not to the salary for March 1979 when the weighting was 146.8 but to the salary for December 1978 when the weighting was 137.6. For the reform introduced as from 1 April 1979 the Commission converted the weightings applied in March 1979 (as regards Italy 146.8 pursuant to Council Regulation No 3084/78). That conversion was carried out by Council Regulation No 3086/78. Consequently a comparison between the months of March and April is substantively appropriate and its content is correa. The calculation of the remuneration current on 15 December 1978 was in fact carried out by means of the weighting of 137.6 for Italy pursuant to Council Regulation No 1461/78. That weighting was abolished on 21 December 1978 by a decision of the Council with retroactive effect to 1 July 1978 by Council Regulation No 3084/78 and replaced by the weighting of 146.8. In its numerical examples the Commission used the weighting of 137.6 provided for, by Council Regulation No 1461/78 for Italy. In fact for the calculations carried out for the salaries of December 1978 it ought to have applied the legally applicable weighting of 146.8 laid down in Council Regulation No 3084/78. It is from that fact that the loss indicated and calculated by the applicants arises. The Commission should therefore abandon its tactic of sowing confusion and agree with the applicants at least on the basis of objective dau.
The Commission is of the opinion that the portion of the application relating to the correction of the published weightings is not admissible since the applicants' claim was not made the subject of a complaint pursuant to the provisions of Article 90 (2) of the Staff Regulations or, within the period specified, of an application under Article 91 (2).
In any event the application is unfounded. It is clear from the concept of a corrigendum in contrast to a subsequent amendment relating to the subsunce of a legal measure that a corrigendum does not have to be adopted following the same procedure as the corrected measure itself. The correction of publishing errors conuined in Council regulations by means of a simple corrigendum of the text published in the Official Journal is a normal practice. Hitherto, the Court has expressed no criticism of this practice.
The sole purpose of the provisions of Regulation No 3086/78 was to adjust the weighting of 146.8 laid down by Regulation No 3084/78 of 21 December 1978 with effect from 1 July 1978 to the monetary parities as amended by Regulation No 3085/78. The weightings appearing in the regulations adopted pursuant to Articles 64 and 65 of the Staff Regulations are calculated by dividing the index obtained by the use of the Fisher method by the corresponding exchange rate used for the conversion of officials' remuneration into the currency of the country of the place of employment pursuant to Article 63 of the Sufi Regulations. Until 31 March 1979 the rate applicable to that transfer was LIT 12.5 to BFR 1. With effect from 1 April 1979, pursuant to the provisions of Regulation No 3085/78, the rate applicable became the rate used for the implementation of the general budget of the European Communities on 1 July 1978, that is to say 26.1097 LIT to BFR 1. The weighting for Italy, which until 31 March 1979 had been 146.8, was then recalculated on the basis of the following formula:
146.8 x 12.50 former rate of the lira26.1097 new rate of the liraThat calculation gives a result rounded up of 70.3.
The weighting of 74.3 published in Official Journal L 369 of 29 December 1978 on page 8 is therefore clearly a printing error. That error was therefore properly corrected by means of a corrigendum published in the Official Journal which could not have affected the rights of the applicants in any way. Moreover, the Commission's communication to its staff in March 1979 contains the correct weighting.
If the Court does not share the Commission's opinion on the inadmissibility of the applications alleging that the weighting applicable to the remuneration of officials employed in Italy is wrong on the ground that it does not take into account the cost of living in Varese or the cost of obtaining currency, the Commission must then express its opinion in particular on the question whether the Council was able, at the time when the weightings were laid down, to have regard to the efforts made by Member States to promote uniformity in living conditions in their national territory. It would also have to reply to the question to what extent the applicants' staff representatives were able to justify the new method of calculating the Fisher index on which the weighting was based.
The argument cannot be accepted that a member of the Parliament may put a written question which shows that commitments were made to the Parliament. It is clear moreover from the speech made by the President of the Committee on Budgets on 7 July 1977 before the Parliament that the latter had been informed of all the essential features of the updating of the transfer system.
The case of temporary staff is no different from that of officials; they have no special right to protection of legitimate expectation. In fact their remuneration and the system of transfers were not settled directly in the contract of appointment. In the same way, that contract contains no provision stating that the Staff Regulations in force at a given time must be applied to the subsequent performance of the contraa of appointment without amendment. That means that in each case the Staff Regulations in their latest form must be applied. Hence the provisions of Regulation No 3085/78 apply to the remuneration of temporary staff and to transfers made by them in the same way as they apply to officials.
The Commission considers that the basic factors to be applied in the calculation of remuneration are not at issue. The applicants are not entitled to use the advantages which they were able to derive retroactively until 1 January 1978 from the regulations in question simply to determine the amount of the damage which they have suffered on that ground as from 1 April 1979. Furthermore, as mentioned above, they added to that damage by increasing the transfers effected between 1 January 1979 and 1 April 1979 pursuant to Article 17 of Annex VII at a time when they were aware of the imminent reform. Finally, neither the origin nor the extent of the damage claimed by the applicants is of such a nature as to require the Community to eliminate that damage by virtue of its duty of assistance. The damage suffered is not excessive. It merely constitutes the counterpart of the excessive purchasing power which the parties concerned enjoyed without justification for several years, as the Court has already clearly stated.