C‑65/1262012CJ0065EU:C:2014:490001111010CJ

JUDGMENT OF 6. 2. 2014 — CASE C‑65/12

LEIDSEPLEIN BEHEER AND DE VRIES

<TI><P><HT TYPE="UC">Judgment of the Court</HT> (First Chamber)</P><P><DATE ISO="20140206">6 February 2014</DATE><NOTE TYPE="FOOTNOTE" NUMBERING="STAR" NOTE.ID="E0001"><P>Language of the case: Dutch.</P></NOTE></P></TI>Request for a preliminary rulingTrade marksDirective 89/104/EECRights conferred by a trade markTrade mark with a reputationProtection extended to non‑similar goods or servicesUse by a third party, without due cause, of a sign identical with or similar to the trade mark with a reputationDefinition of due cause

In Case C‑65/12,

REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Netherlands), made by decision of 3 February 2012, received at the Court on 8 February 2012, in the proceedings

Leidseplein Beheer BV,

Hendrikus de Vries

v

Red Bull GmbH,

Red Bull Nederland BV,

THE COURT (First Chamber),

composed of A. Tizzano, President of the Chamber, K. Lenaerts, Vice‑President of the Court, acting as Judge of the First Chamber, A. Borg Barthet, E. Levits (Rapporteur) and M. Berger, Judges,

Advocate General: J. Kokott,

Registrar: M. Ferreira, Principal Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 27 February 2013,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

Leidseplein Beheer BV and Mr de Vries, by T. Cohen Jehoram and L. Bakers, advocaten,

Red Bull GmbH and Red Bull Nederland BV, by S. Klos, advocaat,

the Italian Government, by G. Palmieri, acting as Agent, and by S. Fiorentino, avvocato dello Stato,

the European Commission, by F. Wilman and F. Bulst, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 21 March 2013,gives the following<TI><P><HT TYPE="BOLD">Judgment</HT></P></TI>1This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 5(2) of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (OJ 1989 L 40, p. 1).2The request has been made in proceedings between Leidseplein Beheer BV and Mr de Vries (collectively, Mr de Vries), on the one hand, and Red Bull GmbH and Red Bull Nederland BV (collectively, Red Bull), on the other, concerning the production and marketing by Mr de Vries of energy drinks with packaging that displays the Bull Dog sign or another sign containing the word element Bull or other signs which are confusingly similar to the trade mark registrations of Red Bull.<TI><P><HT TYPE="BOLD">Legal context</HT></P></TI><TI><P><HT TYPE="ITALIC">European Union law</HT></P></TI>3Article 5 of Directive 89/104, subsequently reproduced, in essence, in Article 5 of Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (OJ 2008 L 299, p. 25), provides, under the heading Rights conferred by a trade mark:

1.

The registered trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:

(a)any sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the trade mark is registered;(b)any sign where, because of its identity with, or similarity to, the trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public; the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark.2.Any Member State may also provide that the proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade any sign which is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, where the latter has a reputation in the Member State and where use of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark.…

<TI><P><HT TYPE="ITALIC">Netherlands law</HT></P></TI>4Trade mark law in the Netherlands is based on the Benelux Convention on Intellectual Property (Trade Marks and Designs) signed on 25 February 2005 in The Hague (the Benelux Convention).5Article 2.20(1)(c) of the Benelux Convention, which replaced the former Article 13(A)(1)(c) of the Uniform Benelux Law on Trade Marks, is worded as follows:

1.

A registered trade mark shall provide its owner with an exclusive right. Without prejudice to the possible application of ordinary law in matters of civil liability, the exclusive right to a trade mark shall permit the owner to prevent any third party, without its consent, from:

…

(c)using in business a sign which is identical or similar to the trade mark for goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, where the trade mark enjoys a reputation in the Benelux territory and where use of the sign without due cause would take unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark;

…

<TI><P><HT TYPE="BOLD">The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling</HT></P></TI>6Red Bull is the proprietor in the Benelux countries of, inter alia, the word and figurative mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng (the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng), registered on 11 July 1983 for goods in, inter alia, Class 32 (non‑alcoholic drinks).7Mr de Vries is the proprietor in the Benelux countries of the following marks for goods in Class 32:

the word and figurative mark The Bulldog, registered on 14 July 1983;

the word mark The Bulldog, registered on 23 December 1999; and

the word and figurative mark The Bulldog Energy Drink, registered on 15 June 2000.

8It appears from the order for reference to be common ground that, before Red Bull filed its mark in 1983, Mr de Vries was using the sign The Bulldog as a trade name for hotel, restaurant and café services (hotel, restaurant and café services) involving the sale of drinks. It is also common ground that the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng enjoys a certain reputation in the Benelux countries.9As it took the view that Mr de Vries’ use of the distinctive sign The Bulldog adversely affects the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng, in that it contains the word element Bull, Red Bull brought an action before the Rechtbank Amsterdam (Amsterdam District Court) on 27 June 2005 requesting that Mr de Vries be ordered to cease production and marketing of energy drinks in packaging that displays the Bull Dog sign or any other sign containing the word element Bull or any other signs which are confusingly similar to the trade mark registrations of Red Bull.10By his counterclaim, Mr de Vries applied for the revocation, in respect of the Benelux countries, of Red Bull’s rights in respect of the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng.11By decision of 17 January 2007, the Rechtbank Amsterdam dismissed all of those claims.12By judgment of 2 February 2010, the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam (Amsterdam Regional Court of Appeal) largely upheld the appeal brought by Red Bull against the decision of the Rechtbank Amsterdam. The Gerechtshof te Amsterdam held, first, that the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng had a reputation within the Benelux countries and, secondly, that, because of the similarity, consisting in the common word element Bull, between that mark and the sign The Bulldog used by Mr de Vries for energy drinks, the relevant public would make a connection between the trade mark and the sign, even if the two were not mistaken for each other.13The Gerechtshof te Amsterdam found that the sign The Bulldog was similar to the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng and that Mr de Vries, by riding on the coat-tails of that mark with a reputation, had sought to take advantage of the reputation of that mark with a view to having his share of the energy drinks market held by Red Bull and corresponding to a multimillion euro turnover.14The fact, relied on by Mr de Vries, that use of the mark The Bulldog was a continuation of the use, commencing prior to 1983, of the sign The Bulldog for merchandising and designating hotel, restaurant and café services, including the sale of drinks, was not considered by the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam to constitute due cause for allowing the use of that sign.15The Gerechtshof te Amsterdam found that Mr de Vries had not substantiated such a need to use that sign that he could not reasonably be expected to desist from such use.16Mr de Vries lodged an appeal in cassation before the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court) against the judgment of the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam, claiming, inter alia, that the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam had given a restrictive interpretation to the concept of due cause, within the meaning of Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 (the concept of due cause). He claims, in the present case, that the use, in good faith, of the sign The Bulldog as a trade name before the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng was filed constitutes such due cause.17The referring court states that the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam had applied, in the case before it, the criterion of need to use a sign, set out in the judgment of the Benelux Court of Justice of 1 March 1975 in Colgate Palmolive v Bols (Claeryn/Klarein), in order to assess whether there was due cause to justify that use.18The referring court expresses doubts as to the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam’s interpretation of the concept of due cause. First, that concept, as provided for in Article 2.20(1)(c) of the Benelux Convention, must be interpreted in accordance with Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104. Secondly, in the judgment of 22 September 2011 in Case C-323/09 Interflora and Interflora British Unit [2011] ECR I-8625, the Court of Justice of the European Union interpreted the concept of due cause more widely than did the Benelux Court of Justice in Colgate Palmolive v Bols (Claeryn/Klarein).19In those circumstances, the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:

Is Article 5(2) of Directive [89/104] to be interpreted as meaning that there can be due cause within the meaning of that provision also where the sign that is identical or similar to the trade mark with a reputation was already being used in good faith by the third party/parties concerned before that trade mark was filed?

<TI><P><HT TYPE="BOLD">The question referred for a preliminary ruling</HT></P></TI>20By its question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 must be interpreted as meaning that the use by a third party of a sign that is similar to a trade mark with a reputation in relation to goods identical to those for which that mark is registered may be considered to be with due cause, within the meaning of that provision, if it is demonstrated that that sign was being used before that mark was filed.21In the light of the circumstances of the case in the main proceedings, and in so far as the question referred calls for the interpretation of Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104, it should be borne in mind that, even though that provision makes express reference only to the situation in which use is made of a sign which is identical with, or similar to, a trade mark with a reputation in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which that trade mark is registered, the protection provided for applies, a fortiori, also in relation to use of a sign which is identical with, or similar to, a trade mark with a reputation in relation to goods or services which are identical with, or similar to, those for which the mark is registered (Interflora and Interflora British Unit, paragraph 68 and the case‑law cited).22Moreover, since it is common ground that the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng has a reputation and that the proprietor of that mark seeks cessation by Mr de Vries of the production and marketing of goods, which are identical to those for which the mark in question is registered, in packaging which features a sign similar to that mark, Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 may be applied to the case in the main proceedings.23The parties in the main proceedings disagree, however, on the scope of the concept of due cause. While Mr de Vries submits that the use, in good faith, of a sign that is similar to a mark with a reputation, in the case where that sign was being used before that mark was filed, can be covered by that concept, Red Bull claims that that concept covers only objectively overriding reasons.24In the first place, Red Bull claims that the broad interpretation of the concept of due cause which is to be derived from Mr de Vries’ arguments would lead indirectly to the recognition of unregistered marks, whereas the Benelux Convention has set out, in accordance with Directive 89/104, a system for the protection of marks which is based exclusively on their registration.25In the second place, Red Bull argues that that interpretation would wrongly result in the scope of the rights for the protection of a mark which Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 confers on the proprietor of a registered mark being narrower than the scope of the rights which that proprietor derives from Article 5(1).26It is therefore necessary, first of all, to determine the scope of the concept of due cause before then going on to assess whether, in the light of the finding made in that regard, the use made of a sign similar to a mark with a reputation, before that mark was filed, is liable to come within the scope of that concept in the case where that sign is used in relation to goods or services which are identical to those for which that mark has been registered.<TI><P><HT TYPE="ITALIC">Scope of the concept of <QUOT.START CODE="2018" ID="QS0043" REF.END="QE0043"/>due cause<QUOT.END REF.START="QS0043" CODE="2019" ID="QE0043"/></HT></P></TI>27It must be stated at the outset that the concept of due cause is not defined in Directive 89/104. Moreover, the wording of Article 5(2) of that directive is not such as to support Red Bull’s strict interpretation of that concept.28That concept must therefore be interpreted in the light of the overall scheme and objectives of the system of which it forms part (see, to that effect, Case C-292/00 Davidoff [2003] ECR I-389, paragraph 24), and, in particular, must take into account the context of the provision which contains it (see, to that effect, Case C‑320/12 Malaysia Dairy Industries [2013] ECR, paragraph 25).29As a preliminary point, it should be borne in mind that, while Article 5 of Directive 89/104 provides that the registered trade mark confers on its proprietor an exclusive right, restrictions on the exercise of that right also arise from that provision.30It is thus settled case-law that the exclusive right under that provision was conferred in order to enable the trade mark proprietor to protect his specific interests as proprietor of that mark, that is, to ensure that the trade mark can fulfil its functions. Therefore, the exercise of that right must be reserved to cases in which another party’s use of the sign adversely affects or is liable adversely to affect one of the functions of the trade mark. Those functions include not only the essential function of the trade mark, which is to guarantee to consumers the origin of the goods or services in question, but also its other functions, such as that of guaranteeing the quality of those goods or services or those of communication, investment or advertising (Case C‑661/11 Martin Y Paz Diffusion [2013] ECR, paragraph 58 and the case‑law cited).31In that regard, it follows from the wording of Article 5(1) of Directive 89/104 and from the tenth recital in the preamble thereto that the laws of the Member States have been harmonised inasmuch as the exclusive right conferred by a trade mark affords the proprietor of the mark absolute protection against the use by third parties of signs which are identical with that mark in relation to identical goods or services (Interflora and Interflora British Unit, paragraph 36).32Although the legislature described as absolute the protection against the unauthorised use of signs identical with a trade mark in relation to goods or services identical with those for which the mark is registered, the Court has put that description into perspective by stating that, as extensive as it may be, the protection conferred by Article 5(1)(a) of Directive 89/104 is intended solely to enable the trade mark proprietor to protect its specific interests as proprietor of the mark, that is to say, to ensure that the trade mark can fulfil its functions. From this the Court has concluded that the exercise of the exclusive right conferred by the trade mark must be reserved to cases in which a third party’s use of the sign adversely affects, or is liable adversely to affect, the functions of the trade mark (Interflora and Interflora British Unit, paragraph 37).33Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104, however, establishes, for the benefit of trade marks with a reputation, a wider form of protection than that laid down in Article 5(1). The specific condition of that protection consists of a use without due cause of a sign identical with or similar to a registered mark which takes, or would take, unfair advantage of, or is or would be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier mark (Case C-487/07 L’Oréal and Others [2009] ECR I-5185, paragraph 34 and the case‑law cited).34When a Member State transposes Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104, it must therefore grant protection which is at least as extensive for identical or similar goods or services as it is for non-similar goods or services. The Member State’s option thus relates to the principle itself of granting greater protection to marks with a reputation, but not to the situations covered by that protection when the Member State grants it (see Case C-408/01 Adidas-Salomon and Adidas Benelux [2003] ECR I-12537, paragraph 20).35Such a finding, however, cannot mean that the concept of due cause should be interpreted by having regard to the scope of Article 5(1) of Directive 89/104.36As the Advocate General has essentially noted in point 29 of her Opinion, the purpose of Article 5(1) and (2) of Directive 89/104 is not the same and, accordingly, the rules for the protection of simple marks may apply in cases which are not governed by the provisions relating to the protection of marks with a reputation. Conversely, the rules for the protection of marks with a reputation may apply in cases which are not governed by the rules for the protection of simple marks.37Consequently, Red Bull and the Italian Government are wrong in their submission that the system for the protection of marks based on their registration, which was taken up by the Benelux Convention, precludes the scope of the rights conferred on the proprietor of a registered mark from being liable to circumscription.38The Court notes that it is only in certain circumstances that Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 entitles proprietors of trade marks with a reputation to prohibit third parties from using signs identical or similar to their trade marks in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which those marks are registered.39The protection of trade marks with a reputation is more extensive than that for simple marks, in that the prohibition of the use of a sign by a third party is not dependent on either the identity of the sign and mark in question, as referred to in Article 5(1)(a) of Directive 89/104, or the likelihood of confusion referred to in Article 5(1)(b) of that directive.40In particular, the proprietor of a mark with a reputation is not required, in order to claim the protection provided for in Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104, to prove detriment to the distinctive character or repute of that mark, where a third party, by using a sign identical or similar to that mark, takes unfair advantage of its reputation.41Nevertheless, the purpose of Directive 89/104 is generally to strike a balance between the interest which the proprietor of a trade mark has in safeguarding its essential function, on the one hand, and the interests of other economic operators in having signs capable of denoting their products and services, on the other (Case C-145/05 Levi Strauss [2006] ECR I-3703, paragraph 29).42It follows that the protection of rights which the proprietor of a trade mark derives from that directive is not unconditional, since in order to maintain the balance between those interests that protection is limited, in particular, to those cases in which that proprietor shows himself to be sufficiently vigilant by opposing the use, by other operators, of signs likely to infringe his mark (Levi Strauss, paragraph 30).43In a system for the protection of marks such as that adopted, on the basis of Directive 89/104, by the Benelux Convention, however, the interests of a third party in using, in the course of trade, a sign similar to a mark with a reputation must be considered, in the context of Article 5(2) of that directive, in the light of the possibility for the user of that sign to claim due cause.44Where the proprietor of the mark with a reputation has demonstrated the existence of one of the forms of injury referred to in Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 and, in particular, has shown that unfair advantage has been taken of the distinctive character or the repute of that mark, the onus is on the third party using a sign similar to the mark with a reputation to establish that he has due cause for using such a sign (see, by analogy, Case C-252/07 Intel Corporation [2008] ECR I-8823, paragraph 39).45It follows that the concept of due cause may not only include objectively overriding reasons but may also relate to the subjective interests of a third party using a sign which is identical or similar to the mark with a reputation.46Thus, the concept of due cause is intended, not to resolve a conflict between a mark with a reputation and a similar sign which was being used before that trade mark was filed or to restrict the rights which the proprietor of that mark is recognised as having, but to strike a balance between the interests in question by taking account, in the specific context of Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 and in the light of the enhanced protection enjoyed by that mark, of the interests of the third party using that sign. In so doing, the claim by a third party that there is due cause for using a sign which is similar to a mark with a reputation cannot lead to the recognition, for the benefit of that third party, of the rights connected with a registered mark, but rather obliges the proprietor of the mark with a reputation to tolerate the use of the similar sign.47The Court thus held in paragraph 91 of the judgment in Interflora and Interflora British Unit (a case concerning the use of keywords for internet referencing) that where the advertisement displayed on the internet on the basis of a keyword corresponding to a trade mark with a reputation puts forward – without offering a mere imitation of the goods or services of the proprietor of that trade mark, without being detrimental to the repute or the distinctive character of that mark and without, moreover, adversely affecting the functions of the trade mark concerned – an alternative to the goods or services of the proprietor of the trade mark with a reputation, it must be concluded that such a use falls, as a rule, within the ambit of fair competition in the sector for the goods or services concerned and is thus not without due cause.48Consequently, the concept of due cause cannot be interpreted as being restricted to objectively overriding reasons.49It is thus necessary to examine under what conditions the use by a third party of a sign which is similar to a trade mark with a reputation in relation to goods which are identical to those for which that mark is registered, where that sign was already being used before that mark was filed, may be covered by that concept.<TI><P><HT TYPE="ITALIC">The conditions under which the prior use of a sign which is similar to a trade mark with a reputation may be covered by the concept of <QUOT.START CODE="2018" ID="QS0053" REF.END="QE0053"/>due cause<QUOT.END REF.START="QS0053" CODE="2019" ID="QE0053"/></HT></P></TI>50Mr de Vries claims in his observations that he has been using the sign The Bulldog for hotel, restaurant and café services since 1975. It is apparent from the order for reference that that use has been established from a date prior to that on which the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng was registered. In addition, Mr de Vries is the proprietor of the word and figurative mark The Bulldog for, inter alia, non‑alcoholic drinks, registered on 14 July 1983. The date from which Mr de Vries has been producing and marketing energy drinks with packaging displaying the Bull Dog sign is not specified.51It is common ground that Mr de Vries used the sign The Bulldog in relation to services and goods other than those for which the mark Red Bull was registered and before that mark had acquired its reputation.52The Court has held that, where a third party attempts, through the use of a sign similar to a mark with a reputation, to ride on the coat-tails of that mark in order to benefit from its power of attraction, its reputation and its prestige, and to exploit, without paying any financial compensation and without being required to make efforts of his own in that regard, the marketing effort expended by the proprietor of that mark in order to create and maintain the image of that mark, the advantage resulting from such use must be considered to be an advantage that has been unfairly taken of the distinctive character or repute of that mark (see L’Oréal and Others, paragraph 49).53In order to determine whether the use by a third party, before a trade mark with a reputation was filed, of a sign similar to that mark may constitute due cause, within the meaning of Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104, and justify the fact that that third party takes advantage of the repute of that mark, the referring court must carry out an assessment, taking into account, in particular, two factors.54In the first place, such an assessment requires a determination as to how that sign has been accepted by, and what its reputation is with, the relevant public. In the present case, it is not disputed that the sign The Bulldog has been used for a range of hotel, restaurant and café services since 1983 or before. The date from which Mr de Vries has offered energy drinks for sale is, however, not specified in the order for reference.55In the second place, it is necessary to examine the intention of the person using that sign.56In this regard, in order to determine whether the use of the sign similar to the mark with a reputation was in good faith, it is necessary to take account of the degree of proximity between the goods and services for which that sign has been used and the product for which that mark was registered, as well as to have regard for when that sign was first used for a product identical to that for which that mark was registered, and when that mark acquired its reputation.57First, where a sign has been used prior to the registration of a mark with a reputation in relation to services and goods which may be linked to the product for which that mark has been registered, the use of that sign in relation to that latter product may appear to be a natural extension of the range of services and goods for which that sign already enjoys a certain reputation with the relevant public.58In the present case, it is not disputed that Mr de Vries uses the sign The Bulldog in relation to hotel, restaurant and café goods and services which include the sale of drinks. Consequently, in the light of the recognition enjoyed by that sign among the relevant public, and in the light of the nature of the goods and services for which it has been used, the sale of energy drinks contained in packaging which displays that sign may therefore be perceived, not as an attempt to take advantage of the repute of the mark Red Bull, but rather as a genuine extension of the range of goods and services offered by Mr de Vries. That impression would be strengthened even further if the sign The Bulldog was used for energy drinks before the mark Red Bull Krating‑Daeng acquired its reputation.59Secondly, the greater the repute of the sign used, prior to the registration of a similar mark with a reputation, for a certain range of goods and services, the more its use will be necessary for the marketing of a product identical to that for which the mark was registered, a fortiori as that product is close, by its nature, to the range of goods and services for which that sign was previously used.60Consequently, it follows from all of the foregoing considerations that the answer to the question referred is that Article 5(2) of Directive 89/104 must be interpreted as meaning that the proprietor of a trade mark with a reputation may be obliged, pursuant to the concept of due cause within the meaning of that provision, to tolerate the use by a third party of a sign similar to that mark in relation to a product which is identical to that for which that mark was registered, if it is demonstrated that that sign was being used before that mark was filed and that the use of that sign in relation to the identical product is in good faith. In order to determine whether that is so, the national court must take account, in particular, of:

how that sign has been accepted by, and what its reputation is with, the relevant public;

the degree of proximity between the goods and services for which that sign was originally used and the product for which the mark with a reputation was registered; and

the economic and commercial significance of the use for that product of the sign which is similar to that mark.

<TI><P><HT TYPE="BOLD">Costs</HT></P></TI>61Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:

Article 5(2) of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks must be interpreted as meaning that the proprietor of a trade mark with a reputation may be obliged, pursuant to the concept of due cause within the meaning of that provision, to tolerate the use by a third party of a sign similar to that mark in relation to a product which is identical to that for which that mark was registered, if it is demonstrated that that sign was being used before that mark was filed and that the use of that sign in relation to the identical product is in good faith. In order to determine whether that is so, the national court must take account, in particular, of:

how that sign has been accepted by, and what its reputation is with, the relevant public;

the degree of proximity between the goods and services for which that sign was originally used and the product for which the mark with a reputation was registered; and

the economic and commercial significance of the use for that product of the sign which is similar to that mark.

[Signatures]