1.1.3.    Vacuum pump or compressor and reservoirs

Visual inspection of the components at normal working pressure. Check time required for vacuum or air pressure to reach safe working value and function of warning device, multi-circuit protection valve and pressure relief valve.

Brake application means depression of the brake pedal/lever which allows the full flow of air/fluid application pressure to the brake assemblies.

(a) Insufficient pressure/vacuum to give assistance for at least four brake applications after the warning device has operated (or gauge shows an unsafe reading);

at least two brake applications after the warning device has operated (or gauge shows an unsafe reading).

X

X

(b) Time taken to build up air pressure/vacuum to safe working value is too long according to the require­ ments1

X

(c) Multi-circuit protection valve or pressure relief valve not working.

X

(d) Air leak causing a noticeable drop in pressure or audible air leaks.

Air leak causing a critical drop in pressure.

X

X

(e) External damage likely to affect the function of the braking system.

Secondary braking performance not met.

X

X

1.1.4.    Low pressure warning device

Functional check

Malfunctioning or defective warning device.

Low pressure not identifiable.

X

X

1.1.5.    Hand-operated brake control valve

Visual inspection of the components while the braking system is operated.

(a) Control cracked, damaged or excessively worn.

X

(b) Control insecure on valve or valve insecure.

X

(c) Loose connections, defective fixing, or leaks in system.

X

(d) Unsatisfactory operation.

X

1.1.6.    Parking brake (activator, lever control, parking brake ratchet)

Visual inspection of the components while the braking system is operated.

(a) Ratchet not holding correctly.

X

(b) Wear at lever pivot or in ratchet mechanism.

Excessive wear.

X

X

(c) Excessive movement of lever indicating incorrect adjustment.

X

(d) Activator missing, damaged or inoperative.

X

(e) Incorrect functioning,    warning    indicator shows malfunction

X

1.1.13.    Brake linings and pads

Visual inspection.

(a) Lining or pad excessively worn (minimum mark reached).

Lining or pad excessively worn (minimum mark not visible).

X

X

(b) Lining or pad contaminated (oil, grease etc.).

Braking performance affected.

X

X

(c) Lining or pad missing or wrongly mounted, or of obviously incorrect type.

X

(d) Wear indicator electrical harness disconnected or damaged

X

1.1.18.    Slack adjusters and indicators

Visual inspection of the components while the braking system is operated, if possible.

(a) Adjuster damaged, seized or having abnormal movement, excessive wear, or incorrect adjustment.

X

(b) Adjuster defective.

X

(c) Incorrectly installed or replaced.

X

1.1.23. Overrun brake

Visual inspection and by operation

(a)Not working properly, for example, stroke of the drawbar exceeds 2/3 of the total overrun travel

X

(b)Breakaway cable defect or missing

X

1.2.1.    Performance

During a test on a brake tester or, if impossible, during a road test, apply the brakes progressively up to maximum effort.

It must be ensured, where possible, that the mechanical service brakes are inspected without interference/blending of regenerative braking or other continuous braking.

(a) Inadequate braking effort on one or more wheels.

Or, in the case of testing on the road, the vehicle deviates excessively from a straight line and/or excessive vibration is produced at the service brake pedal/lever.

No braking effort on one or more wheels.

X

X

X

(b) Braking effort from any wheel is less than 70 % of the maximum effort recorded from the other wheel on the same axle. Or, in the case of testing on the road, the vehicle deviates excessively from a straight line.

Braking effort from any wheel is less than 50 % of the maximum effort recorded from the other wheel on the same axle in the case of steered axles.

X

X

(c) No gradual variation in brake effort (grabbing).

X

(d) Abnormal lag in brake operation of any wheel.

X

(e) Excessive fluctuation of brake force during each complete wheel revolution.

X

1.2.2.    Efficiency

Test with a brake tester or, if one cannot be used for technical reasons, by a road test using a deceleration recording instrument to establish the braking ratio which relates

(a)to the maximum authorised mass or,

(b)in the case of semi-trailers, to the sum of the authorised axle loads, or

(c)to reference values.

Vehicles or a trailer with a maximum permissible mass exceeding 3,5 tonnes must be inspected following the standards given by ISO 21069 or equivalent methods.

For vehicles not inspected following the standards given by ISO 21069 or equivalent methods, if the minimum figure of braking ratio is not achieved, at least meaningful brake testing must be performed. Meaningful brake testing is performed if brake efficiency is below the service, secondary or parking values prescribed in 1.2.2 or 1.3.2 or 1.4.2 but all the following conditions are met:

—the braking system is in good condition with no obvious defects,

—wheels of all axles lock because adhesion between the tyre and brake tester surface was exhausted during the brake test; if wheels on some axles do not lock, it must be safely concluded that the braking efficiency values prescribed in 1.2.2 or 1.3.2 or 1.4.2 would be achieved when the vehicle is loaded,

—brake actuation level by the inspector must always be proportional to the current load of the axle.

Information on system values may be retrieved using electronic vehicle interface.

Road tests should be carried out under dry conditions on a flat, straight road. In cases where vehicles of R or T category are tested on the road, meaningful brake testing is performed if all the above conditions are met.

In case of doubt, the braking efficiency shall be demonstrated in loaded or partially loaded condition.

Does not give at least the minimum figure as follows (1):

1. Vehicles registered for the first time after 1/1/2012:

—Category M1: 58 %

—Categories M2 and M3: 50 %

—Category N1: 50 %

—Categories N2 and N3: 50 %

—Categories O2, O3 and O4:

—for semi-trailers: 45 % (2)

—for draw-bar trailers: 50 %

X

2.Vehicles registered for the first time before 1/1/2012:

—Categories M1, M2 and M3: 50 % (3)

—Category N1: 45 %

—Categories N2 and N3: 43 % (4)

—Categories O2, O3 and O4: 40 % (5)

X

3.Other categories

Categories L (both brakes together):

—Category L1e: 42 %

—Categories L2e, L6e: 40 %

—Category L3e: 50 %

—Category L4e: 46 %

—Categories L5e, L7e: 44 %

Category L (rear wheel brake):

all categories: 25 % of the total vehicle mass

Category T: 40%

Less than 50 % of the above values reached.

X

X

1.3.1.    Performance

If the secondary braking system is separate from the service braking system, use the method specified in 1.2.1.

It must be ensured that, where possible, the mechanical brakes are inspected without interference/blending of regenerative braking or other continuous braking.

(a) Inadequate braking effort on one or more wheels.

No braking effort on one or more wheels.

X

X

(b) Braking effort from any wheel is less than 70 % of the maximum effort recorded from another wheel on the same axle specified. Or, in the case of testing on the road, the vehicle deviates excessively from a straight line.

Braking effort from any wheel is less than 50 % of the maximum effort recorded from the other wheel on the same axle in the case of steered axles.

X

X

(c) No gradual variation in brake effort (grabbing).

X

1.4.1.    Performance

Apply the brake during a test on a brake tester or by road test.

Brake inoperative on one side or, in the case of testing on the road, the vehicle deviates excessively from a straight line.

Less than 50 % of the braking effort values as referred to in point 1.4.2 reached in relation to the vehicle mass during testing.

X

X

1.5.    Endurance braking system performance

Visual inspection and, where possible, test whether the system functions, i.e. by road test.

(a) Malfunction indicator indicates a fault.

X

(b) System not functioning.

X

1.7.    Electric regenerative braking

Visual inspection of the indicator of electric regenerative braking, and, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, by using the electronic vehicle interface, or by road test.

(a)Warning device indicates malfunctioning.

X

(b)The system does not noticeably decelerate the vehicle, or the charge indicator (if fitted) does not display “on charge” when regeneration is activated.

X

(c)Vehicle interface indicates system malfunction.

X

4.1.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Defective or missing light source.

Multiple light sources (in the case of LED, up to 1/3 not functioning).

Seriously affected visibility.

X

X

(b) Slightly defective projection system (reflector and lens).

Heavily defective or missing projection system (reflector and lens).

X

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

X

(d) System indicates failure for example via the electronic vehicle interface.

X

4.1.2.    Alignment

Determine the horizontal and vertical aim of each headlamp on dipped beam using a headlamp aiming device.

(a) Aim of a headlamp not within limits laid down in the requirements1. If there are no specific requirements, the following reference values shall be used, where h is the height of headlamp (lowest point of the light-emitting surface):

(I)M,N,O categories (Regulation No 48 UN/ECE [2016/1723], point 6.2.6.1.2):

—h ≤ 0,8m: upper limit -0.5%; lower limit -2.5%

—0.8 < h ≤ 1m: upper limit -0.5%; lower limit -3%

—h > 1m: upper limit -1% e inferior -3%

—h > 1.2m, category N3G (all-terrain): upper limit -1.5%; lower limit -3.5%

(II)L category (Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 3/2014 and Regulation No 53 UN/ECE):

—upper limit -0.5%

—h ≤ 0,8m: lower limit -2,5%

—h > 0.8m: lower limit -3,0% (-2,5% on L3e category)

(III)T category (Regulation No 86 UN/ECE):

—upper limit -0.5%

—h ≤ 1,2m: lower limit -4%

h > 1,2m: lower limit -6%

X

4.1.3.    Switching

Visual inspection and by operation

(a) Switch does not operate in accordance with the requirements1 (Number of headlamps illuminated at the same time)

Maximum permitted light brightness to the front exceeded.

X

X

(b) Function of control device impaired.

X

4.1.5.    Manual levelling devices (where mandatory)

Visual inspection and by operation, if possible, or using the electronic vehicle interface.

(a) Device not operating.

X

(b) device cannot be operated from driver's seat.

X

4.2.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a) Defective or missing light source

Multiple light sources (in the case of LED, up to 1/3 not functioning); one of several lateral light sources defective.

Seriously affected visibility (in the case of LED, less than 2/3 functioning).

X

X

(b) Defective lens.

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off.

X

X

4.3.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a) Defective or missing light source.

Multiple light sources; in the case of LED up to 1/3 not functioning.

Single light sources; in the case of LED less than 2/3 functioning.

No light source functioning.

X

X

X

(b) Slightly defective lens (no influence on emitted light).

Heavily defective lens (emitted light affected).

X

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off.

X

X

4.3.2.    Switching

Visual inspection and by operation

(a) Switch does not operate in accordance with the requirements1.

Delayed operation. No operation at all.

X

X

X

(b) Function of control device impaired.

X

4.4.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Defective or missing light source 

Multiple light sources (in the case of LED up to 1/3 not functioning).

Single light sources; in the case of LED less than 2/3 functioning.

No light source functioning.

X

X

X

(b) Slightly defective lens (no influence on emitted light).

Heavily defective lens (emitted light affected).

X

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off.

X

X

4.5.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Defective or missing light source.

Multiple light sources (in the case of LED up to 1/3 not functioning).

Single light sources; in the case of LED less than 2/3 functioning.

X

X

(b) Slightly defective lens (no influence on emitted light).

Heavily defective lens (emitted light affected).

X

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off or dazzling oncoming traffic.

X

X

4.6.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Defective or missing light source

Multiple light sources (in the case of LED up to 1/3 not functioning).

Single light sources; in the case of LED less than 2/3 functioning.

X

X

(b)Defective lens

X

(c)Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off

X

X

4.7.1.    Condition and operation

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a) Lamp throwing direct or white light to the rear.

X

(b) Defective or missing light source. (Multiple light source).

Defective or missing light source. (Single light source).

X

X

(c) Lamp not securely attached.

Very serious risk of falling off.

X

X

4.14 High-voltage systems

4.14.1 Electrical safety

Visual inspection complemented by using the vehicle interface

(a)Indicator or vehicle interface shows system malfunction

X

(b)Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

4.14.2    Traction battery cover

Visual inspection.

(a)Slightly deteriorated

Heavily deteriorated

X

X

(b)Defective attachment

Very serious risk of falling off

X

X

(c)Obstructed ventilation port(s)

X

4.14.3 Traction battery

Visual inspection, complemented by using the vehicle interface (where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle, and where the necessary data is available).

(a)Marks of leakage

Leaking (presence of droplets)

X

X

(b)Incorrect software or hardware, or readiness-code not active

X

4.14.4 High voltage electrical wiring

4.14.4.1 High voltage wiring harness and connector

Visual inspection and by operation with the vehicle over a pit or on a hoist, including inside the engine compartment and the boot (where applicable)

(a)Slightly deteriorated

Heavily deteriorated

Risk of short-circuit fault

X

X

X

(b)Wiring insecure or not adequately secured

Fixings loose, touching sharp edges, connectors likely to be disconnected

Wiring likely to touch hot parts, rotating parts or the ground, connectors disconnected

X

X

X

(c)Imminent risk of fire, formation of sparks

X

4.14.4.2 Ground braid, including their attachment

Visual inspection and by operation.

Slightly deteriorated

Heavily deteriorated

X

X

4.14.4.3 Ground continuity (X)2

Measurement using an ohmmeter

Test not feasible

Too high resistance (over 100 Ohms)

X

X

4.14.4.4 Charging inlet cover

Visual inspection and by operation.

Deteriorated

Missing

X

X

4.14.4.5 Charging inlet

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Deteriorated

Trace of beginning of melting or electric arcs

(b)Foreign material or moisture

X

X

X

4.14.4.6 Charging cable

Visual inspection and by operation.

(a)Deteriorated

X

(b)Charging cable not provided

X

4.14.5. High voltage electrical and electronical equipment (X)2

4.14.5.1. High voltage electrical and electronical equipment

Visual inspection and by using the electronic vehicle interface.

(a)Slightly deteriorated

Heavily deteriorated

X

X

(b)Attachment defective

X

(c)Leaking

X

4.14.5.2. Traction motor

Visual inspection

Check of operational readiness of the systems by an applicable interface (OBD or OBM)

Measurement of equipotential bonding, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle

(a)Shield is deformed, not in-place or damaged, or corroded

X

(b)Warning marking missing or illegible

X

(c)Connection of wiring harness insecure or corroded

X

(d)Electrical insulation damaged or deteriorated

likely to cause injury when contacted.

X

X

(e)Fault readiness of the traction motor

X

(f)Wrong version of type-approved hardware and software not in accordance with the requirements as defined in the ECE R100

X

4.14.5.3 Electronic converters, motor, and inverter

Visual inspection

Check of operational readiness of the systems by an applicable interface (OBD or OBM)

Measurement of equipotential bonding, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle

(a)Not in accordance with requirements1

X

(b)Inadequately secured

X

(c)Damaged or corroded components

Likely to cause injuries or to fall off

X

X

(d)Shields not in place or damaged

X

(e)Damaged or deteriorated electrical insulation

X

(f)Fault readiness of the converter and inverter systems

X

(g)Wrong version of type-approved hardware and software

X

4.14.6. Insulation resistance (X)2

4.14.7. Anti-starting system

4.14.7.1. Anti-starting system

Visual inspection and by operation when possible.

Functional check by verifying that the vehicle cannot move by itself with the charging cable plugged, and the driver’s weight lifted out of the seat

(a)Indicator malfunction

X

(b)Inoperative, i.e., vehicle can move with connected charging cable or with no driver present

X

5.1.3.    Wheel bearings

Visual inspection with the vehicle over a pit or on a hoist. Wheel play detectors may be used and are recommended for vehicles having a maximum mass exceeding 3,5 tonnes. Rock the wheel or apply a lateral force to each wheel and note the amount of upward movement of the wheel relative to the stub axle.

(a) Excessive play in a wheel bearing.

Directional stability impaired; danger of demolishment.

X

X

(b) Wheel bearing too tight, jammed.

Danger of overheating; danger of demolishment.

X

X

(c)Audible signs of bearing wear or damage.

X

5.2.3.    Tyres

Visual inspection of the entire tyre by either rotating the road wheel with it off the ground and the vehicle over a pit or on a hoist, or by rolling the vehicle backwards and forwards over a pit.

(a) Tyre size, load capacity, approval mark or speed category not in accordance with the requirements1 and affecting road safety or environmental performance.

Insufficient load capacity or speed category for actual use, tyre touches other fixed vehicle parts impairing safe driving.

X

X

(b) Tyres on same axle or on twin wheels of different sizes.

X

(c) Tyres on same axle of different construction (radial/ cross-ply).

X

(d) Any serious damage or cut to tyre.

Cord visible or damaged.

X

X

(e) Tyre tread wear indicator becomes exposed.

Tyre tread depth not in accordance with the require­ ments1.

X

X

(f) Tyre rubbing against other components (flexible anti spray devices).

Tyre rubbing against other components (safe driving not impaired)

X

X

(g) Re-grooved tyres not in accordance with require­ ments1.

Cord protection layer affected.

X

X

(h) Tyre obviously underinflated.

X

5.3.2.1.    efficiency testing of damping 

Using special equipment and comparing left/ right differences, or based on measurement of oscillation behaviour or damping of the vehicle

(a) Significant difference between left and right.

X

(b) Given minimum values not reached.

X

7.8.    Speedometer

Visual inspection or by operation during road test or by using the electronic vehicle interface, or any combination of these.

(a) Not fitted in accordance with the requirements1.

Missing (if required).

X

X

(b) Operation impaired.

Not operational at all.

X

X

(c) Not capable of being sufficiently illuminated.

Not capable of being illuminated at all.

X

X

7.11.    Odometer, if available

Visual inspection, and/or using electronic interface (OBD or OBM)

(a) Obviously manipulated (fraud) to reduce or misrepresent the vehicle's distance record.

X

(b) Obviously inoperative.

X

8.1.1.    Noise suppression system

For L-category vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, visual inspection and measurement of noise emitted by stationary vehicle using a sound level meter.

For other vehicles, subjective evaluation (unless the inspector considers that the noise level may be borderline, in which case a measurement of noise emitted by stationary vehicle using a sound level meter may be conducted)

(a) Noise levels in excess of those permitted in the requirements1.

X

8.2.1.    Exhaust emissions control equipment

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface (OBD or OBM read-out)

(a) Emission control equipment fitted by the manufacturer absent, modified or obviously defective.

X

(b) Leaks which would affect emission measurements.

X

(c) Warning device malfunctioning, warning indicator / tell-tale inoperative.

X

(d) MIL activated, warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(e) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface.

X

(f) Exhaust emission control unit modified affecting safety and/or the environment.

X

(g) Any other emission relevant control unit modified affecting safety and/or the environment.

X

(h) Presence of electronic devices not authorised by the vehicle manufacturer nor approved during homologation changing signals to or from the engine or pollution control unit(s).

X

(i) OBD or OBM read-out indicating significant malfunction.

X

8.2.2 Exhaust emission measurement – positive ignition engines

Test procedures:

For vehicles that had a particle number (PN) limit at type-approval; Euro VI, Euro 6c and newer:

Particle number measurement in accordance with 8.2.2.1.

For all vehicles:

Gaseous emissions test in accordance with 8.2.2.2.

For vehicles as of emission classes Euro VI, 6d-TEMP and newer:

NOX measurement in accordance with 8.2.2.3.

8.2.2.1 Particle number measurement

Vehicle preparation:

— [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17]

Measuring instrument preparation:

— The device to measure PN is powered on for at least the warm-up time indicated by the manufacturer;

— Self-checks of the instrument [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17], to monitor the proper operation of the instrument during operation and trigger a warning or message in case of malfunction;

Before each test, the good condition of the sampling system shall be verified, including checking the sampling hose and probe for damage.

Test procedure:

— The software of the particle counter automatically guides the instrument operator through the test procedure;

— The probe is inserted at least 0,20 m into the outlet of the exhaust system. In justified exemptions where sampling at this depth is not possible, the probe is inserted at least 0,05 m. The sampling probe shall not touch the walls of the tailpipe;

— If the exhaust system has more than one outlet, the test shall be done to all of them. In this case, the highest measured PN concentration measured at different exhaust system outlets shall be considered as the vehicle’s PN concentration;

— The vehicle operates [as specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17]. In case the engine of a vehicle is not switched on at static conditions then the start/stop system shall be deactivated by the test operator. For hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the thermal engine shall be switched on;

— After the probe has been inserted into the tailpipe, the following steps shall be followed:

1.A stabilization period of at least 15 seconds with the engine running at idle speed.

2.After the stabilisation period, the PN concentration emissions are measured. The duration of the test shall be at least [XX] seconds (total measurement duration) [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17].

After the completion of the test procedure, the instrument reports (and stores) the PN concentration of the vehicle and a “PASS” or “FAIL” message:

— If the test result is less than or equal to the limit, the instrument reports a “PASS” message.

— If the test result is greater than the limit, the instrument reports a “FAIL” message.

Measurement result exceeds [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17] (1/cm3)

X

8.2.2.2. Gaseous emissions

Measurement using an exhaust gas analyser in accordance with the requirements1.

Measurements not applicable for two-stroke engines.

(a) Either gaseous emissions exceed the specific levels given by the manufacturer;

X

(b)Or, if this information is not available, the CO emissions exceed,

(I)for vehicles not controlled by an advanced emission control system,

— 4,5 %, or

— 3,5 %

according to the date of first registration or use specified in requirements1.

(II)for vehicles controlled by an advanced emission control system,

—at engine idle: 0,5 %

—at high idle: 0,3 % or

—at engine idle: 0,3 % (7)

—at high idle: 0,2 % or

—at engine idle: 0,2 % (8)

—at high idle: 0,1 %

according to the date of first registration or use specified in requirements1.

X

(c) Lambda coefficient outside the range 1 ± 0,03 or not in accordance with the manufacturer's specification;

X

8.2.2.3. NOX measurement

Vehicle preparation:

[to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17];

-[…]

Measuring instrument preparation:

— [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17 or combined with PN testing above];

— Self-checks of the instrument [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17];

Before each test, the good condition of the sampling system shall be verified, including checking the sampling hose and probe for damage.

Test procedure:

— [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17 or combined with PN testing above].

Measurement result exceeds [NOX limit to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17].

X

8.2.3 Exhaust emission measurement – compression ignition engines

Test procedures:

For vehicles as of emission classes Euro 5b and Euro VI and newer:

Particle number (PN) measurement in accordance with 8.2.3.1

For vehicles up to emission classes Euro 5a and Euro V:

Opacity measurement in accordance with 8.2.3.2.

For vehicles equipped with particle filters, Member States may apply PN measurement in accordance with 8.2.3.1 instead of opacity measurement.

For vehicles as of emission classes Euro 6d-TEMP and Euro VI and newer:

NOX measurement in accordance with 8.2.3.3.

8.2.3.1 Particle number measurement

Vehicle preparation:

At the beginning of the test the vehicle’s engine should be:

— Hot, i.e., engine coolant temperature above 60 °C but preferably above 70 °C

— Conditioned, by operating for a period of time at low idling and/or performing stationary accelerations up to maximum 2 000 rpm engine speed or by driving. The recommended total conditioning time is at least 300 seconds.

During the test, the vehicle shall not be performing an active particulate filter regeneration.

A fast pass test is possible with engine coolant temperature below 60 °C. However, if the vehicle fails to pass the test, the test shall be repeated, and the vehicle should fulfil the requirements set for the engine coolant temperature and the conditioning.

Measuring instrument (as specified in Sections 3, 4, and 5 of Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/688, as adopted on 20 March 2023) preparation:

— The instrument is powered on for at least the warm-up time indicated by the manufacturer;

— Self-checks of the instrument as defined in Section 5 of Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/688, as adopted on 20 March 2023, to monitor the proper operation of the instrument during operation and trigger a warning or message in case of malfunction;

Before each test, the good condition of the sampling system shall be verified, including checking the sampling hose and probe for damage.

Test procedure:

— The software of the particle counter automatically guides the instrument operator through the test procedure;

— The probe is inserted at least 0,20 m into the outlet of the exhaust system. In justified exemptions where sampling at this depth is not possible, the probe is inserted at least 0,05 m. The sampling probe shall not touch the walls of the tailpipe;

— If the exhaust system has more than one outlet, the test shall be done to all of them. In this case, the highest measured PN concentration measured at different exhaust system outlets shall be considered as the vehicle’s PN concentration;

— The vehicle operates at low idling. In case the engine of a vehicle is not switched on at static conditions then the start/stop system shall be deactivated by the test operator. For hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the thermal engine shall be switched on;

— After the probe has been inserted into the tailpipe, the following steps shall be followed:

1.A stabilization period of at least 15 seconds with the engine running at idle speed. Optionally, before the stabilization period 2-3 accelerations up to maximum 2 000 rpm engine speed are performed,

2.After the stabilisation period, the PN concentration emissions are measured. The duration of the test shall be at least 15 seconds (total measurement duration). The test result shall be the average PN concentration of the measurement duration. If the measured PN concentration is more than two times the limit, the measurement may stop immediately before waiting for 15 seconds to elapse. The test result shall be reported.

After the completion of the test procedure, the instrument reports (and stores) the average PN concentration of the vehicle and a “PASS” or “FAIL” message:

— If the test result is less than or equal to the limit, the instrument reports a “PASS” message.

— If the test result is greater than the limit, the instrument reports a “FAIL” message.

Measurement result exceeds 250 000 (1/cm3)

For vehicles up to emission class Euro 5a and Euro V, equipped with particle filters, Member States may apply a limit up to 1 000 000 (1/cm3)

X

8.2.3.2.    Opacity

Vehicles registered or put into service before

1 January 1980 are exempted from this requirement

Exhaust gas opacity to be measured during free acceleration (no load from idle up to cut-off speed) with gear lever in neutral and clutch engaged and, if specified in accordance with the type-approval regulations, reading of OBD in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and other requirements.

(a) For vehicles registered or put into service for the first time after the date specified in requirements1.

opacity exceeds the level recorded on the manufacturer's plate on the vehicle;

X

Vehicle preconditioning:

1. Vehicles may be tested without preconditioning, although for safety reasons checks should be made that the engine is warm and in a satisfactory mechanical condition.

2.Precondition requirements:

(I)Engine shall be fully warm, for instance the engine oil temperature measured by a probe in the oil level dipstick tube to be at least 80 °C, or normal operating temperature if lower, or the engine block temperature measured by the level of infrared radiation to be at least an equivalent temperature. If, owing to the vehicle configuration, this measurement is impractical, the establishment of the engine's normal operating temperature may be made by other means, for example by the operation of the engine cooling fan.

(II)Exhaust system shall be purged by at least three free acceleration cycles or by an equivalent method.

Test procedure:

1.Engine and any turbocharger fitted, to be at idle before the start of each free acceleration cycle. For heavy-duty diesels, this means waiting for at least 10 seconds after the release of the throttle.

2.To initiate each free acceleration cycle, the throttle pedal must be fully depressed quickly and continuously (in less than one second) but not violently, so as to obtain maximum delivery from the injection pump.

(b)Where this information is not available or requirements1 do not allow the use of reference values,

—for naturally aspirated engines: 2,5 m–1,

—for turbo-charged engines: 3,0 m–1, or

—for vehicles identified in require­ ments1 or first registered or put into service for the first time after the date specified in requirements1:

1,5 m–1 (9)

or 0,7 m–1 (8)

3.During each free acceleration cycle, the engine shall reach cut-off speed or, the speed specified by the manufacturer or, if this data is not available, then two thirds of the cut-off speed, before the throttle is released. This could be checked, for instance, by monitoring engine speed or by allowing a sufficient time to elapse between initial throttle depression and release, which in the case of vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2 and N3, should be at least two seconds.

4.Vehicles shall only be failed if the arithmetic means of at least the last three free acceleration cycles are in excess of the limit value. This may be calculated by ignoring any measurement that departs significantly from the measured mean, or the result of any other statistical calculation that takes account of the scattering of the measurements. Member States may limit the number of test cycles.

5.To avoid unnecessary testing, Member States may fail vehicles which have measured values significantly in excess of the limit values after fewer than three free acceleration cycles or after the purging cycles. Equally to avoid unnecessary testing, Member States may pass vehicles which have measured values significantly below the limits after fewer than three free acceleration cycles or after the purging cycles.

Item

Method

Reasons for failure

Assessment of deficiencies

Minor

Major

Dangerous

8.2.3.3. NOX measurement

Vehicle preparation:

Prior to testing, the vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system shall be warmed up, to the conditions that allow effective abatement of NOX emissions by the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit of the vehicle by at least a 5-minute drive or an equivalent method. Once the condition is reached, the vehicle shall not be turned off and the measurement shall be performed within 3 minutes for M1 and N1 vehicles and within 3.5 minutes for M2, M3, N2 and N3 vehicles. Where possible, the vehicle’s readiness to be tested shall be ascertained by checking the indicator lamp on the dashboard or via the vehicle interface (OBD or OBM read-out).

During the test, the vehicle shall not be performing an active particulate filter regeneration.

Measuring instrument preparation:

— The device to measure NOX emissions is powered on for at least the warm-up time indicated by the manufacturer;

— Self-checks of the instrument [to be specified in accordance with the delegated acts referred to in Article 17] to monitor the proper operation of the instrument during operation and trigger a warning or message in case of malfunction;

Before each test, the good condition of the sampling system shall be verified, including checking the sampling hose and probe for damage.

Test procedure:

— The software of the NOX analyser automatically guides the instrument operator through the test procedure;

— The probe is inserted at least 0,20 m into the outlet of the exhaust system. In justified exemptions where sampling at this depth is not possible, the probe is inserted at least 0,05 m. The sampling probe shall not touch the walls of the tailpipe;

— If the exhaust system has more than one outlet, the test shall be done to all of them. In this case, the highest measured NOX concentration measured at different exhaust system outlets shall be considered as the vehicle’s NOX concentration;

— The vehicle operates at low idling;

— After the probe has been inserted into the tailpipe, the following steps shall be followed:

1.A stabilization period of at least 15 seconds with the engine running at idle speed.

2.After the stabilisation period, the NOX concentration emissions are measured. The duration of the test shall be at least 15 seconds (total measurement duration). The test result shall be the average NOX concentration of the measurement duration.

After the completion of the test procedure, the instrument reports (and stores) the average NOX concentration of the vehicle and a “PASS” or “FAIL” message:

— If the test result is less than or equal to the limit, the instrument reports a “PASS” message.

— If the test result is greater than the limit, the instrument reports a “FAIL” message.

Measurement result exceeds 40 ppm

X

8.4.1. Fluid leaks

Visual inspection

Any excessive fluid leak, other than water, likely to harm the environment or to pose a safety risk to other road users.

Steady formation of drops that constitutes a very serious risk.

X

X

10.ELECTRONIC SAFETY SYSTEMS

10.1. Cornering light
Description: during cornering, an extra headlamp is activated. Operates up to 40 km/h, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 48 or UNECE-R 119.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.2 Adaptive cruise control
Description: The system maintains the vehicle's speed, depending on the preferred speed and distance to the vehicle in front.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged, or sensors obviously misaligned

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.3 Adaptive deflectors
Description: Depending on the vehicle's speed, the air deflectors are adjusted in order to improve driving stability.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.4 Airbag
Description: In case of an accident, inflatable airbags reduce the risk of injury by their absorbing effect, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 12; UNECE-R 14; or
UNECE-R 16.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or components (for example seat occupancy detection) obviously missing.

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board

X

X

X

(g) System or components obviously not operating (for example not suitable with the vehicle)

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board

X

X

X

10.5 Active Headrest
Description: the system reduces the danger of a whiplash injury in the event of a rear end collision by changing the position of the headrest towards the head.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, where applicable, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board

X

X

X

10.6 Active hood
Description: by automatically lifting the bonnet, the system ensures a larger collapsible zone in the event of an accident involving a pedestrian.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating (for example outdated), where applicable, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.7 Automatic hold function
Description: the system independently holds the vehicle after stopping using the service brake and/or parking brake and automatically releases them when starting.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.8 Automatic headlamp levelling
Description: depending on the load and (optional) pitch angle, the system regulates the headlamp’s vertical aim, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 121.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.9 Automatic emergency braking system
Description: the system independently starts braking in order to avoid a collision with an obstacle or another road user, or to reduce the consequences of an inevitable impact.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged, or sensors obviously misaligned

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operative (for example audio components)

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.10 Anti-lock braking system
Description: the system automatically prevents wheel-locking during braking by selective reduction of the wheel brake force, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 13 and Regulation (EU) 2019/2144.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components (for example wheel speed sensor) damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.11 Automatic light
Description: depending on the ambient brightness, the system automatically switches on and off the driving light.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.12 Electro-mechanic power steering
Description: the supporting power for steering is generated by an electric motor.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating (for example Power assistance not working), or implausible operation (for example inconsistency between the angle of the steering wheel and the angle of the wheels.)

Steering affected

X

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.13 Electronic four-wheel steering
Description: two axles are steered, with a steering angle greater than 3° on all steered wheels, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 79 and Regulation (EU) 2019/2144.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.14 Electronic damping
Description: depending on the driving situation, the rebound and compression stage of the shock absorbers is adjusted by the system.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.15 Electronic brake system
Description: a brake pedal sensor and/or pressure sensor records the braking request and calculates the optimal brake force for each wheel, so that there is optimal activation of all wheel brakes.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface, or by road test.

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.16 Electronic stability program
Description: the system stabilizes the vehicle or the complete vehicle train in critical, dynamic driving situations, for example in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 and UNECE-R 140.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component (for example wheel speed sensors) missing

X

(b) System or components (for example wheel speed sensors) damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.17 High beam assist
Description: the system automatically activates and deactivates the high beam according to the driving situation and lighting conditions.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X

(f) System indicates failure via the electronic vehicle interface
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

(g) System or components not operating, or implausible operation

X

(h) Other failure
Not affecting the safe operation

Affecting safe operation of the vehicle

Danger to health of persons on board or of other road users

X

X

X

10.18 Speed limiter
Description: While driving, the system prevents exceeding a defined maximum speed. Relevant, if mandatory, for example in accordance with UNECE-R 89 and Regulation (EU) 2019/2144.

Visual inspection complemented, where made possible by the technical characteristics of the vehicle and where the necessary data is made available, with the use of electronic interface

(a) System or any component missing (for example seals, plaques), or not fitted in accordance with the requirements.

X

(b) System or components damaged

X

(c) Software version or -integrity incorrect

X

(d) Wiring damaged

X

(e) Warning device shows system malfunction.

X