Table of Contents
Annex VIII-f: RIVER, LAKE, ALLUVIAL AND RIPARIAN HABITATS
Introduction
'River, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' coverage in the EU
Conservation status and trends
Pressures
Condition of habitats
Carbon stock and sequestration
Annex VIII-f: RIVER, LAKE, ALLUVIAL AND RIPARIAN HABITATS
Introduction
This paper provides information derived from the Member States' reports and assessments under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. It is a background information to help identify possible restoration targets for the 'legal binding instrument' under the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2030.
The 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' group include, 32 Annex I habitat types (see Table 1): all rivers and lakes (codes 31xx and 32xx), and a selection of alluvial and riparian habitats.
Table 1 – River and lake Annex I habitat types selected
|
Rivers and lakes (20 types)
|
Rivers and lakes (cont.)
|
|
3110
|
Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)
|
3280
|
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba
|
|
3120
|
Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the West Mediterranean, with Isoetes spp.
|
3290
|
Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of the Paspalo-Agrostidion
|
|
3130
|
Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea
|
32A0
|
Tufa cascades of karstic rivers of the Dinaric Alps
|
|
3140
|
Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp.
|
Alluvial meadows (4 types)
|
|
3150
|
Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition — type vegetation
|
6430
|
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels
|
|
3160
|
Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds
|
6440
|
Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii
|
|
3170
|
Mediterranean temporary ponds
|
6450
|
Northern boreal alluvial meadows
|
|
3180
|
Turloughs
|
6540
|
Sub-Mediterranean grasslands of the Molinio-Hordeion secalini
|
|
3190
|
Lakes of gypsum karst
|
Alluvial/Riparian forests (8 types)
|
|
31A0
|
Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds
|
9160
|
Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli
|
|
3210
|
Fennoscandian natural rivers
|
91E0
|
Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)
|
|
3220
|
Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks
|
91F0
|
Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and U. minor, Fraxinus excelsior or F. angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)
|
|
3230
|
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica
|
92A0
|
Salix alba and Populus alba galleries
|
|
3240
|
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos
|
92B0
|
Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with Rhododendron ponticum, Salix and others
|
|
3250
|
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Glaucium flavum
|
92C0
|
Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis)
|
|
3260
|
Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation
|
92D0
|
Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)
|
|
3270
|
Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. vegetation
|
|
|
'River, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' coverage in the EU
The 32 habitat types selected cover close to 96 480 km2 (2.5 % of the EU terrestrial area
); this excludes areas reported by Romania, which are known to be largely overestimated
.
The data available from Corine Land Cover
and from the Ecosystems Map of Europe
do not allow a straightforward comparison between the total area of 'rivers and lakes' in the EU and the area covered by Annex I 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'. This is mainly due to the nomenclatures used and the spatial resolution of the datasets. A comparison between these data sources – excluding alluvial meadows and alluvial/riparian forests – is given in Table 2 below.
Table 2 – River and lake areas (km2) from different sources (EU27)
Corine Land Cover 2018 (level 3)
|
Inland waters
|
106 873
|
|
511 – Water courses
|
10 162
|
|
512 – Water bodies
|
96 711
|
Ecosystems map (level 3)
|
C – Inland surface waters
|
110 687
|
|
C1 – Surface standing waters
|
98 278
|
|
C2 – Surface running waters
|
10 405
|
|
C3 – Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
|
2 004
|
The areas of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats', have a good representation in most EU countries (except Malta) (see Map 1). The Member States with the highest proportion of those habitats are Finland (10 %), Croatia (6 %), Lithuania (3 %), Sweden (3 %) and Estonia (3 %); over half of the Member States have less than 2 % of their territory covered by Annex I 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'.
One Member State reported a very small area: Malta (0.4 km2).
Table 3 gives the areas and proportion of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' for each Member State, including coverage by Natura 2000. Maps illustrating the distribution of those Annex I habitats in the EU are available in Annex A.
From the 96 480 km2 of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' (excluding Romania), 40 % is estimated to be inside the Natura 2000 network (about 38 592 km2); this may be an underestimation since reports from Member States were not comprehensive on this regard. The coverage by Natura 2000 varies according to the sub-group, from 66 % for 'rivers' to 36 % for 'lakes'. The proportion of habitats per sub-group of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' and their coverage is detailed in Table 4.
Coverage by Natura 2000 also greatly varies according to the Member State: from over 96 % (Bulgaria) to less than 30 % (Austria, Cyprus and France) (Table 3).
However, a few Member States reported over 75 % of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' area inside Natura 2000 (Estonia, Hungary, Netherlands, and Sweden).
Map 1 – Distribution of the 32 Annex I 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
in the EU
Source: Distribution maps (10 km x 10 km) delivered by Member States under Article 17 reporting (period 2013-2018)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.
Table 3 – Area and proportion of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
per Member State
|
|
Member State area (km2)
|
In the Member State
|
Proportion of the river & lake area (%)
|
Inside Natura 2000
|
|
|
|
River & lake area (km2)
|
River & lake area (%)
|
|
River & lake area
|
% River & lake area
|
|
Austria
|
83 944
|
1 279.8
|
1.5
|
1.33
|
305.4
|
23.9
|
|
Belgium
|
30 683
|
741.1
|
2.4
|
0.77
|
316.2
|
42.7
|
|
Bulgaria
|
110 995
|
532.9
|
0.5
|
0.55
|
514.1
|
96.5
|
|
Croatia
|
55 590
|
3 260.5
|
5.9
|
3.38
|
1 808.2
|
55.5
|
|
Cyprus
|
9 249
|
28.1
|
0.3
|
0.03
|
16.7
|
59.5
|
|
Czechia
|
78 874
|
1 038.4
|
1.3
|
1.08
|
310.1
|
29.9
|
|
Denmark
|
44 162
|
980.7
|
2.2
|
1.02
|
317.2
|
32.3
|
|
Estonia
|
45 382
|
1 155.9
|
2.5
|
1.20
|
1 039.0
|
89.9
|
|
Finland
|
338 004
|
35 197.9
|
10.4
|
36.48
|
7 598.1
|
21.6
|
|
France
|
551 881
|
12 027.5
|
2.2
|
12.47
|
2 936.9
|
24.4
|
|
Germany
|
362 177
|
4 424.4
|
1.2
|
4.59
|
2 658.4
|
60.1
|
|
Greece
|
132 014
|
1 342.3
|
1.0
|
1.39
|
423.1
|
31.5
|
|
Hungary
|
93 012
|
1 325.5
|
1.4
|
1.37
|
1 095.3
|
82.6
|
|
Ireland
|
70 699
|
1 622.6
|
2.3
|
1.68
|
1 005.0
|
61.9
|
|
Italy
|
301 321
|
4 116.9
|
1.4
|
4.27
|
1 894.1
|
46.0
|
|
Latvia
|
64 590
|
1 238.1
|
1.9
|
1.28
|
599.8
|
48.4
|
|
Lithuania
|
65 289
|
1 855.4
|
2.8
|
1.92
|
1 292.1
|
69.6
|
|
Luxembourg
|
2 595
|
33.1
|
1.3
|
0.03
|
16.6
|
50.2
|
|
Malta
|
316
|
0.4
|
0.1
|
0.00
|
0.2
|
70.0
|
|
Netherlands
|
39 898
|
252.0
|
0.6
|
0.26
|
189.1
|
75.0
|
|
Poland
|
312 683
|
6 738.2
|
2.2
|
6.98
|
2 480.4
|
36.8
|
|
Portugal
|
92 378
|
74.4
|
0.1
|
0.08
|
43.5
|
58.4
|
|
Romania (*)
|
238 404
|
91 903.0
|
38.5
|
95.26
|
4 418.3
|
4.8
|
|
Slovakia
|
49 026
|
184.3
|
0.4
|
0.19
|
65.6
|
35.6
|
|
Slovenia
|
20 274
|
571.2
|
2.8
|
0.59
|
376.2
|
65.9
|
|
Spain
|
506 222
|
3 724.7
|
0.7
|
3.86
|
1 805.6
|
48.5
|
|
Sweden
|
450 110
|
12 733.4
|
2.8
|
13.20
|
9 484.6
|
74.5
|
|
Total
|
4 149 772
|
188 382.8
|
4.5
|
|
43 009.9
|
22.8
|
|
Total
(without Romania)
|
3 911 772
|
96 479.8
|
2.5
|
|
38 591.6
|
40.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes: Member States with more than 2.5 % (the EU average) of their terrestrial area covered by wetlands are highlighted; (*) areas reported by Romania are overestimated. 'River & lake' means 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'.
Table 4 – Area and proportion of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
per sub-group
|
|
|
Inside Natura 2000
|
|
EU27
excluding Romania
|
Area (km2)
|
River & lake area (km2)
|
% river & lake area
|
|
Lakes
|
59 121
|
21 286
|
36
|
|
3110
|
17 509
|
3 949
|
23
|
|
3120
|
6
|
3
|
56
|
|
3130
|
8 302
|
5 069
|
61
|
|
3140
|
2 975
|
4 682
|
157(*)
|
|
3150
|
11 180
|
3 859
|
35
|
|
3160
|
18 813
|
3 519
|
19
|
|
3170
|
234
|
129
|
55
|
|
3180
|
100
|
76
|
76
|
|
3190
|
2
|
1
|
35
|
|
Rivers
|
8 191
|
5 386
|
66
|
|
3210
|
1 559
|
2 135
|
137(*)
|
|
3220
|
1 058
|
468
|
44
|
|
3230
|
65
|
24
|
37
|
|
3240
|
379
|
171
|
45
|
|
3250
|
250
|
162
|
65
|
|
3260
|
4 194
|
1 956
|
47
|
|
3270
|
419
|
293
|
70
|
|
3280
|
206
|
141
|
69
|
|
3290
|
61
|
34
|
56
|
|
32A0
|
1
|
2
|
232
|
|
Alluvial meadows
|
5 747
|
2 128
|
37
|
|
6430
|
4 452
|
1 144
|
26
|
|
6440
|
663
|
530
|
80
|
|
6450
|
559
|
417
|
75
|
|
6540
|
73
|
38
|
51
|
|
Alluvial/riparian forests
|
23 421
|
9 792
|
42
|
|
9160
|
7 100
|
1 814
|
26
|
|
91E0
|
8 358
|
4 167
|
50
|
|
91F0
|
3 646
|
2 093
|
57
|
|
92A0
|
2 219
|
985
|
44
|
|
92B0
|
5
|
8
|
162(*)
|
|
92C0
|
601
|
155
|
26
|
|
92D0
|
1 467
|
560
|
38
|
|
9370
|
25
|
11
|
43
|
|
TOTAL
|
88 289
|
38 592
|
44
|
Note: habitat 31A0 only occurs in Romania (#) does not include the wrong value (5 800 km2) reported by Croatia; (*) percentage over 100 % due to inconsistencies in data reported, namely in surface areas of 3140 and 3210 in Sweden, 32A0 in Croatia, and 92B0 in Portugal
Conservation status and trends
More than three-quarters of the assessments (76 %) of the 32 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' at the EU level have an unfavourable conservation status (40 % poor and 36 % bad). Only 17 % have a good conservation status. There are some differences between the different habitat groups (Figure 1): 'alluvial meadows' has the highest proportion of good status (29 %) and the 'alluvial/riparian forest' habitats the worst status (86 % unfavourable).
Among the habitat assessments that do not have a good status, over a third have a deteriorating trend (38 %) while only 6 % have an improving trend. An additional 34 % maintain their unfavourable status; the conservation status trend is unknow for 23 % of the assessments. The groups with the worst conservation status trends are 'alluvial meadows' and 'alluvial/riparian forests' (42 % deteriorating); however, 'alluvial meadows' also have the higher proportion of improving trends (17 %) (Figure 2).
Details on conservation status and conservation status trends for each Member State are given in Table 5.
Figure 1 – Conservation status of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' at the EU level (in percentage)
Note: Number of assessments per group shown in brackets.
Figure 2 – Conservation status trends of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' at the EU level (in percentage)
Note: Number of assessments per group shown in brackets.
Table 5 – Conservation status and trends of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' in the Member States (in percentage)
|
Member State
|
FV
|
U1-
|
U1+
|
U1=
|
U1x
|
U2-
|
U2+
|
U2=
|
U2x
|
XX
|
|
AT (26)
|
4
|
|
|
|
31
|
8
|
|
12
|
38
|
8
|
|
BE (21)
|
|
|
5
|
5
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
29
|
14
|
5
|
|
BG (32)
|
6
|
3
|
22
|
38
|
6
|
3
|
|
|
19
|
3
|
|
CY (7)
|
14
|
|
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
|
43
|
|
|
|
CZ (22)
|
|
18
|
|
36
|
9
|
23
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
DE (42)
|
19
|
17
|
12
|
5
|
|
19
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
|
|
DK (20)
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
20
|
|
|
55
|
|
|
EE (11)
|
55
|
18
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ES (46)
|
4
|
13
|
|
22
|
24
|
9
|
|
4
|
2
|
22
|
|
FI (19)
|
42
|
5
|
5
|
26
|
|
5
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
FR (55)
|
7
|
16
|
|
20
|
9
|
29
|
|
13
|
4
|
2
|
|
GR (16)
|
50
|
|
13
|
31
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
HR (31)
|
32
|
|
|
23
|
13
|
6
|
|
3
|
3
|
19
|
|
HU (9)
|
|
22
|
|
22
|
|
56
|
|
|
|
|
|
IE (10)
|
10
|
20
|
|
30
|
|
30
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
IT (53)
|
|
13
|
4
|
9
|
6
|
43
|
2
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
|
LT (12)
|
25
|
|
|
8
|
42
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
LU (7)
|
|
14
|
|
14
|
|
14
|
29
|
29
|
|
|
|
LV (12)
|
8
|
|
|
25
|
33
|
17
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
MT (4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
75
|
|
|
|
NL (11)
|
9
|
|
9
|
18
|
9
|
36
|
18
|
|
|
|
|
PL (20)
|
10
|
|
|
30
|
5
|
20
|
5
|
25
|
|
5
|
|
PT (30)
|
30
|
33
|
3
|
13
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
RO (51)
|
73
|
8
|
|
16
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
SE (34)
|
29
|
24
|
|
18
|
3
|
3
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
SI (21)
|
19
|
10
|
5
|
|
|
38
|
|
19
|
10
|
|
|
SK (22)
|
18
|
5
|
|
41
|
18
|
5
|
|
|
5
|
9
|
Notes: FV = good, U1 = poor, U2 = bad, XX = unknown conservation status
'-' = deteriorating, '+' = improving, '=' = stable, 'x' = unknown conservation status trend; number of assessments per Member State shown in brackets.
Pressures
'River, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' are subject to a wide diversity of pressures resulting in their degradation and extirpation. According to Member States reports under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, the top three groups of pressures (in percentage of the total) are:
-Modification of hydrology and hydro-morphology with over 33 % of all pressures; this includes e.g., drainage, water abstraction, and dams and reservoirs
-Pollution from different origins close to 22 %; from these, over two-thirds (67 %) is originated from agriculture activities, about 18 % from mixed sources and 12 % from residential, industrial, and recreational activities
-Habitat management, with over 18 %; these include inadequate agricultural practices like under or grazing and mowing (32 %), forestry like logging and removal of dead and old trees (44 %), mineral extraction (14 %) and freshwater fish and shellfish activities (9 %).
Equally important is the group 'invasive and problematic species' with close to 11 %, and 'conversion and land use change' with near 9 % of all reported pressures; the later includes development of infrastructures (over 50 %) and conversion of habitats to other land uses (about 43 %).
Figure 3 – Pressures reported for 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
(in percentage)
Note: based on pressures reported as 'high-ranking'.
Condition of habitats
Member States reported on the condition of habitat types under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. This data can be used to estimate the area of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' assessed as degraded (condition not-good) therefore, requiring restoration.
The area of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' that would need to be restored, i.e., improved condition, is at least 21 560 km2, representing 22 % of the total area reported for this group of habitats (the values exclude Romania). However, the condition of habitats reported as 'unknown' (or not reported) is over 18 000 km2 (21 % of the total area). This means that the area requiring restoration is bigger than 21 560 km2; for example, assuming that half of the 'unknown' area is in a not-good condition, the area to be restored would be over 32 560 km2 or 43 500 km2 if all the 'unknown' is assumed to be in a 'not-good' condition (23 % of the total area). Table 6 gives information for each of the 32 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats' (excluding Romania) and Table 7 the condition areas and percentage for each of the Member States.
In addition to the habitat condition, Member States also reported on the 'favourable reference areas'
. Comparing this area with the actual habitat area allows to estimate how much area of the habitat would need to be re-created to achieve a good distribution and area of the habitat. Based on this data, it is estimated that a strict minimum of 894 km2 would need to be re-created to achieve a ‘favourable area’:
-282 km2 of river and lake habitats
-27 km2 of alluvial meadows
-585 km2 of alluvial and riparian habitats
However, these values are much higher since several Member States did not provide enough information in their reports to allow a more realistic estimation.
Table 6 – Condition of 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
per Annex I habitat type
|
|
|
Condition (area in km2)
|
Condition (in percentage)
|
|
|
Habitat area
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
|
Total
|
96 480
|
52 971
|
21 557
|
21 952
|
55
|
22
|
23
|
|
Lakes
|
59 121
|
36 760
|
9 953
|
12 408
|
62
|
17
|
21
|
|
3110
|
17 509
|
12 649
|
1 430
|
3 430
|
72
|
8
|
20
|
|
3120
|
6
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
100
|
|
3130
|
8 302
|
4 160
|
1 091
|
3 050
|
50
|
13
|
37
|
|
3140
|
2 975
|
1 258
|
952
|
766
|
42
|
32
|
26
|
|
3150
|
11 180
|
5 106
|
4 097
|
1 978
|
46
|
37
|
18
|
|
3160
|
18 813
|
13 462
|
2 314
|
3 037
|
72
|
12
|
16
|
|
3170
|
234
|
77
|
65
|
93
|
33
|
28
|
40
|
|
3180
|
100
|
49
|
3
|
48
|
49
|
3
|
48
|
|
3190
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
33
|
37
|
30
|
|
Rivers
|
8 191
|
3 158
|
1 564
|
3 469
|
39
|
19
|
42
|
|
3210
|
1 559
|
1 032
|
197
|
330
|
66
|
13
|
21
|
|
3220
|
1 058
|
640
|
106
|
311
|
61
|
10
|
29
|
|
3230
|
65
|
32
|
31
|
2
|
49
|
48
|
2
|
|
3240
|
379
|
99
|
64
|
216
|
26
|
17
|
57
|
|
3250
|
250
|
36
|
52
|
162
|
14
|
21
|
65
|
|
3260
|
4 194
|
1 013
|
882
|
2 299
|
24
|
21
|
55
|
|
3270
|
419
|
146
|
159
|
113
|
35
|
38
|
27
|
|
3280
|
206
|
155
|
64
|
-14
|
75
|
31
|
-7(*)
|
|
3290
|
61
|
3
|
8
|
50
|
5
|
13
|
81
|
|
32A0
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
54
|
|
46
|
|
Alluvial meadows
|
5 747
|
2 121
|
1 362
|
2 263
|
37
|
24
|
39
|
|
6430
|
4 452
|
1 709
|
851
|
1 892
|
38
|
19
|
42
|
|
6440
|
663
|
212
|
296
|
155
|
32
|
45
|
23
|
|
6450
|
559
|
195
|
215
|
149
|
35
|
38
|
27
|
|
6540
|
73
|
5
|
|
68
|
7
|
|
93
|
|
Alluvial/riparian forests
|
23 421
|
10 932
|
8 677
|
3 812
|
47
|
37
|
16
|
|
9160
|
7 100
|
2 654
|
3 465
|
981
|
37
|
49
|
14
|
|
91E0
|
8 358
|
4 288
|
3 617
|
454
|
51
|
43
|
5
|
|
91F0
|
3 646
|
2 263
|
1 316
|
68
|
62
|
36
|
2
|
|
92A0
|
2 219
|
785
|
175
|
1 259
|
35
|
8
|
57
|
|
92B0
|
5
|
|
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
93
|
|
92C0
|
601
|
529
|
15
|
57
|
88
|
2
|
10
|
|
92D0
|
1 467
|
404
|
89
|
973
|
28
|
6
|
66
|
|
9370
|
25
|
10
|
|
15
|
40
|
1
|
59
|
Notes: Areas reported by Romania excluded from the table (therefore, habitat 31A0 not included in the table); (*) issue with data for habitat 3280 in the Mediterranean region of France
Table 7 – Condition of Annex I 'river, lake, alluvial and riparian habitats'
per Member State
|
|
Habitat's area (km2)
|
|
Percentage
|
|
|
Member State
|
Total
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
|
AT
|
1 279.8
|
107.9
|
107.5
|
1 064.4
|
8
|
8
|
83
|
|
BE
|
741.1
|
55.0
|
231.2
|
454.9
|
7
|
31
|
61
|
|
BG
|
532.9
|
185.8
|
221.7
|
125.4
|
35
|
42
|
24
|
|
CY
|
28.1
|
11.5
|
16.6
|
0.0
|
41
|
59
|
0
|
|
CZ
|
1 038.4
|
756.9
|
169.6
|
111.9
|
73
|
16
|
11
|
|
DE
|
4 424.4
|
2 645.0
|
1 176.6
|
602.8
|
60
|
27
|
14
|
|
DK
|
980.7
|
118.6
|
550.3
|
311.8
|
12
|
56
|
32
|
|
EE
|
1 155.9
|
501.4
|
52.8
|
601.7
|
43
|
5
|
52
|
|
ES
|
3 724.7
|
697.2
|
553.2
|
2 474.3
|
19
|
15
|
66
|
|
FI
|
35 197.9
|
25 277.4
|
3 659.7
|
6 260.8
|
72
|
10
|
18
|
|
FR
|
12 027.5
|
5 926.1
|
6 677.5
|
-576.1
|
49
|
56
|
-5(#)
|
|
GR
|
1 342.3
|
1 089.7
|
35.9
|
216.6
|
81
|
3
|
16
|
|
HR
|
3 260.5
|
2 809.3
|
202.5
|
248.8
|
86
|
6
|
8
|
|
HU
|
1 325.5
|
477.0
|
607.7
|
240.8
|
36
|
46
|
18
|
|
IE
|
1 622.6
|
217.4
|
928.2
|
477.0
|
13
|
57
|
29
|
|
IT
|
4 116.9
|
1 393.9
|
291.0
|
2 432.0
|
34
|
7
|
59
|
|
LT
|
1 855.4
|
82.7
|
82.7
|
1 690.0
|
4
|
4
|
91
|
|
LU
|
33.1
|
29.5
|
2.0
|
1.6
|
89
|
6
|
5
|
|
LV
|
1 238.1
|
565.8
|
200.1
|
472.3
|
46
|
16
|
38
|
|
MT
|
0.4
|
0.2
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
58
|
44
|
0
|
|
NL
|
252.0
|
118.0
|
95.8
|
38.2
|
47
|
38
|
15
|
|
PL
|
6 738.2
|
2 914.9
|
3 819.6
|
3.7
|
43
|
57
|
0
|
|
PT
|
74.4
|
30.5
|
36.9
|
7.0
|
41
|
50
|
9
|
|
RO (*)
|
91 903.0
|
70 785.5
|
3 026.5
|
18 091.0
|
77
|
3
|
20
|
|
SE
|
12 733.4
|
6 615.2
|
1 649.5
|
4 468.7
|
52
|
13
|
35
|
|
SI
|
571.2
|
328.4
|
176.9
|
66.0
|
57
|
31
|
12
|
|
SK
|
184.3
|
21.6
|
17.4
|
145.4
|
12
|
9
|
79
|
Notes: (*) areas reported by Romania largely overestimated; (#) issue with data for several habitats
Carbon stock and sequestration
The habitats associated to rivers and lakes are a combination of forests, semi-natural grasslands and freshwater habitats. As carbon sequestration rates and stocks in freshwater habitats are low, forests and grasslands contribute most to the carbon uptake and storage of these habitats. Uptake and down-stream transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater bodies is not considered in this assessment.
Annual carbon uptake is estimated to be around 12 Mio tons of C equivalent to 44 Mio tons of CO2 accumulating between 0,2 and 1,0 Gt C equivalent to 0,7 and 3,6 Gt of CO2. Contribution of forest habitats to annual sequestration is more than 50% despite covering less than 25% of the area. Also more than 45% of the carbon is stored in these habitats. Carbon storage in natural and semi-natural grasslands is similar to forests despite sequestration rates are low. Overall contribution to sequestration and storage is relatively low as they only cover less than 6% of the area.
Table 8 – Carbon stock and sequestration of Annex I 'river, lake, alluvial
and riparian habitats'
|
|
River, lake, alluvial, riparian area (km2)
|
Total Carbon Stock (Mt)
|
Potential carbon sequestration rate (Mt y-1)
|
|
|
EU-27
|
min
|
max
|
mean
|
|
Rivers and lakes
|
67 311.75
|
0.00
|
504.84
|
5.05
|
|
3110
|
17 508.85
|
0.00
|
131.32
|
1.31
|
|
3120
|
5.93
|
0.00
|
0.04
|
0.00
|
|
3130
|
8 301.72
|
0.00
|
62.26
|
0.62
|
|
3140
|
2 975.41
|
0.00
|
22.32
|
0.22
|
|
3150
|
11 180.47
|
0.00
|
83.85
|
0.84
|
|
3160
|
18 812.96
|
0.00
|
141.10
|
1.41
|
|
3170
|
233.99
|
0.00
|
1.75
|
0.02
|
|
3180
|
100.19
|
0.00
|
0.75
|
0.01
|
|
3190
|
1.68
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
|
3210
|
1 559.00
|
0.00
|
11.69
|
0.12
|
|
3220
|
1 057.51
|
0.00
|
7.93
|
0.08
|
|
3230
|
64.61
|
0.00
|
0.48
|
0.00
|
|
3240
|
379.41
|
0.00
|
2.85
|
0.03
|
|
3250
|
249.59
|
0.00
|
1.87
|
0.02
|
|
3260
|
4 194.35
|
0.00
|
31.46
|
0.31
|
|
3270
|
418.63
|
0.00
|
3.14
|
0.03
|
|
3280
|
205.60
|
0.00
|
1.54
|
0.02
|
|
3290
|
60.93
|
0.00
|
0.46
|
0.00
|
|
32A0
|
0.93
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
|
Alluvial meadows
|
5 746.53
|
43.10
|
129.30
|
0.76
|
|
6430
|
4 451.99
|
33.39
|
100.17
|
0.67
|
|
6440
|
662.58
|
4.97
|
14.91
|
0.05
|
|
6450
|
558.95
|
4.19
|
12.58
|
0.04
|
|
6540
|
73.00
|
0.55
|
1.64
|
0.01
|
|
Alluvial and riparian forests
|
23 421.48
|
175.47
|
404.57
|
6.04
|
|
9160
|
7 099.91
|
53.25
|
159.75
|
2.66
|
|
91E0
|
8 358.46
|
62.69
|
125.38
|
2.51
|
|
91F0
|
3 646.11
|
27.35
|
54.69
|
0.55
|
|
92A0
|
2 219.16
|
16.64
|
33.29
|
0.17
|
|
92B0
|
4.81
|
0.04
|
0.07
|
0.00
|
|
92C0
|
601.25
|
4.51
|
9.02
|
0.05
|
|
92D0
|
1 466.65
|
11.00
|
22.00
|
0.11
|
|
9370
|
25.13
|
0.00
|
0.38
|
0.00
|
|
TOTAL
|
96 479.75
|
218.57
|
1 038.71
|
11.85
|
Note: areas reported by Romania note included
Annex A
Map 2 – Distribution of Annex I lake habitats
(3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160, 3170, 3180, 3190)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell. Macaronesian islands not shown in the map.
Map 3 – Distribution of Annex I river habitats
(3210, 3220, 3230, 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270, 3280, 3290, 32A0)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell. Macaronesian islands not shown in the map.
Map 4 – Distribution of Annex I alluvial meadow habitats
(6430, 6440, 6450, 6540)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell. Macaronesian islands not shown in the map.
Map 5 – Distribution of Annex I alluvial and riparian forest habitats
(9160, 91E0, 91F0, 92A0, 92B0, 92C0, 92D0, 9370)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.
Azores islands not shown in the map.