Table of Contents
Annex VIII-e: ROCKY AND DUNE HABITATS
Introduction
'Rocky and dune habitats' coverage in the EU
Conservation status and trends
Pressures
Condition of habitats
Carbon stock and sequestration
Annex VIII-e: ROCKY AND DUNE HABITATS
Introduction
This paper provides information derived from the Member States' reports and assessments under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. It is a background information to help identify possible restoration targets for the 'nature restoration law' under the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2030.
The 'rocky and dune habitats' group include, 41 Annex I habitat types (see Table 1): sea cliffs, beaches, and islets (8 types), coastal and inland dunes (21 types), and rocky habitats (12 types).
Table 1 – Annex I Coastal and dune habitats types selected
|
Sea cliffs, beaches, and islets (8 types)
|
Coastal and inland dunes (cont.)
|
|
1210
|
Annual vegetation of drift lines
|
2250
|
Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.
|
|
1220
|
Perennial vegetation of stony banks
|
2260
|
Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs
|
|
1230
|
Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts
|
2270
|
Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster
|
|
1240
|
Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp.
|
2310
|
Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista
|
|
1250
|
Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts
|
2320
|
Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum
|
|
1610
|
Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation
|
2330
|
Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands
|
|
1620
|
Boreal Baltic islets and small islands
|
2340
|
Pannonic inland dunes
|
|
1640
|
Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation
|
91N0
|
Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetum albae)
|
|
Coastal and inland dunes (21 types)
|
Rocky habitats (12 types)
|
|
2110
|
Embryonic shifting dunes
|
8110
|
Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)
|
|
2120
|
Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)
|
8120
|
Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
|
|
2130
|
Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (“grey dunes’)
|
8130
|
Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree
|
|
2140
|
Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum
|
8140
|
Eastern Mediterranean screes
|
|
2150
|
Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)
|
8150
|
Medio-European upland siliceous screes
|
|
2160
|
Dunes with Hippophaë rhamnoides
|
8160
|
Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels
|
|
2170
|
Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicion arenariae)
|
8210
|
Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
|
|
2180
|
Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region
|
8220
|
Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
|
|
2190
|
Humid dune slacks
|
8230
|
Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii
|
|
2210
|
Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunes
|
8310
|
Caves not open to the public
|
|
2220
|
Dunes with Euphorbia terracina
|
8320
|
Fields of lava and natural excavations
|
|
2230
|
Malcolmietalia dune grasslands
|
8340
|
Permanent glaciers
|
|
2240
|
Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals
|
'Rocky and dune habitats' coverage in the EU
The 41 habitat types selected cover close to 65 135 km2 (1.7 % of the EU terrestrial area); this excludes areas reported by Romania, which are known to be largely overestimated.
The data available from Corine Land Cover and from the Ecosystems Map of Europe do not allow a straightforward comparison between the total area of 'rocky and dune habitats' in the EU and the area covered by Annex I habitats. This is mainly due to the nomenclatures used and the spatial resolution of the datasets. A comparison between these data sources is given in Table 2 below.
Table 2 – Rocky and dune land (km2) from different sources (EU27)
Corine Land Cover 2018 (level 3)
|
Open spaces with little or no vegetation
|
62 554
|
|
331 – Beaches, dunes and sand plains
|
2 966
|
|
332 – Bare rocks
|
20 145
|
|
333 – Sparsely vegetated areas
|
38 200
|
|
335 – Glaciers and permanent snow
|
1 243
|
Ecosystems map (level 3)
|
B – Coastal habitats
|
2 728
|
|
B1 – Coastal dunes and sandy shores
|
2 392
|
|
B2 – Coastal shingle
|
41
|
|
B3 – Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
|
295
|
|
H – Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats
|
39 811
|
|
H2 – Screes
|
1 785
|
|
H3 – Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops
|
22 364
|
|
H4 – Snow or ice-dominated habitats
|
1 261
|
|
H5 – Miscellaneous inland habitats with very sparse or no vegetation
|
14 401
|
The areas of rocky and dune habitats are widely distributed along the EU coast, mountain ranges, and inland sandy plains (see Map 1).
Table 3 gives the areas and proportion of rocky and dune habitats for each Member State, including coverage by Natura 2000.
From the 65 135 km2 of rocky and dune habitats (excluding Romania), about 35 % is estimated to be inside the Natura 2000 network (about 22 686 km2); this may be an underestimation since reports from Member States were not comprehensive on this regard. The coverage by Natura 2000 varies according to the sub-group; 72 % for 'coastal and inland dunes', 30 % for 'rocky habitats', and 27 % for sea cliffs and beaches. The proportion of habitats per sub-group of 'rocky and dune' habitats and their coverage is detailed in Table 4.
Coverage by Natura 2000 also greatly varies according to the Member State: from over 80 % (Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Hungary, Lithuania, Netherlands, Slovakia, and Slovenia) to less than 25 % (Finland, and France) (Table 3).
Map 1 – Distribution of the 41 Annex I rocky and dune habitats in the EU
Source: Distribution maps (10 km x 10 km) delivered by Member States under Article 17 reporting (period 2013-2018)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.
Table 3 – Area and proportion of rocky and dune habitats per Member State
|
|
Member State area (km2)
|
In the Member State
|
Proportion of the Steppe, heath & scrub area (%)
|
Inside Natura 2000
|
|
|
|
Steppe, heath & scrub area (km2)
|
Steppe, heath & scrub area (%)
|
|
Steppe, heath & scrub area
|
% Steppe, heath & scrub area
|
|
Austria
|
83 944
|
2 847
|
3.4
|
4.4
|
1 340
|
47.1
|
|
Belgium
|
30 683
|
62
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
52
|
84.1
|
|
Bulgaria
|
110 995
|
549
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
305
|
55.6
|
|
Croatia
|
55 590
|
761
|
1.4
|
1.2
|
639
|
83.9
|
|
Cyprus
|
9 249
|
3
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
3
|
83.3
|
|
Czechia
|
78 874
|
81
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
40
|
49.5
|
|
Denmark
|
44 162
|
631
|
1.4
|
1.0
|
373
|
59.1
|
|
Estonia
|
45 382
|
113
|
0.2
|
0.2
|
85
|
74.8
|
|
Finland
|
338 004
|
3 868
|
1.1
|
5.9
|
857
|
22.2
|
|
France
|
551 881
|
32 467
|
5.9
|
49.8
|
3 280
|
10.1
|
|
Germany
|
362 177
|
624
|
0.2
|
1.0
|
480
|
76.9
|
|
Greece
|
132 014
|
801
|
0.6
|
1.2
|
467
|
58.3
|
|
Hungary
|
93 012
|
235
|
0.3
|
0.4
|
192
|
81.8
|
|
Ireland
|
70 699
|
184
|
0.3
|
0.3
|
137
|
74.2
|
|
Italy
|
301 321
|
7 633
|
2.5
|
11.7
|
4 484
|
58.7
|
|
Latvia
|
64 590
|
629
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
327
|
52.1
|
|
Lithuania
|
65 289
|
73
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
65
|
88.4
|
|
Luxembourg
|
2 595
|
5
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
3
|
68.0
|
|
Malta
|
316
|
43
|
13.6
|
0.1
|
24
|
57.0
|
|
Netherlands
|
39 898
|
500
|
1.3
|
0.8
|
457
|
91.4
|
|
Poland
|
312 683
|
456
|
0.1
|
0.7
|
178
|
39.1
|
|
Portugal (#)
|
92 378
|
595
|
0.6
|
0.9
|
1 434
|
241.0
|
|
Romania (*)
|
238 404
|
61 107
|
25.6
|
93.8
|
25 939
|
42.4
|
|
Slovakia
|
49 026
|
499
|
1.0
|
0.8
|
412
|
82.6
|
|
Slovenia
|
20 274
|
754
|
3.7
|
1.2
|
635
|
84.2
|
|
Spain
|
506 222
|
5 475
|
1.1
|
8.4
|
4 339
|
79.3
|
|
Sweden
|
450 110
|
5 247
|
1.2
|
8.1
|
2 076
|
39.6
|
|
Total
|
4 149 772
|
126 242
|
3.0
|
|
48 625
|
38.5
|
|
Total
(without Romania)
|
3 911 772
|
65 135
|
1.7
|
|
22 686
|
34.8
|
Notes: Member States with more than 1 % (the EU average) of their terrestrial area covered by 'rocky and dune' habitats are highlighted; (*) areas reported by Romania are clearly overestimated; (#) Portugal reported areas inside Natura 2000 but not overall for several habitats, which explain the abnormal figure of 241 % coverage by the network.
Table 4 – Area and proportion of rocky and dune per sub-group
|
|
|
Inside Natura 2000
|
|
EU27
excluding Romania
|
Area (km2)
|
Rocky and dune habitats (km2)
|
% Rocky and dune habitats area
|
|
Sea cliffs, beaches and islets
|
5 728
|
1 533
|
27
|
|
1210
|
172
|
238
|
(139)*
|
|
1220
|
359
|
97
|
27
|
|
1230
|
645
|
202
|
31
|
|
1240
|
494
|
220
|
44
|
|
1250
|
260
|
48
|
19
|
|
1610
|
555
|
161
|
29
|
|
1620
|
3 217
|
557
|
17
|
|
1640
|
27
|
10
|
39
|
|
Coastal and inland dunes
|
7 376
|
5 314
|
72
|
|
2110
|
165
|
125
|
75
|
|
2120
|
354
|
287
|
81
|
|
2130
|
1 322
|
763
|
58
|
|
2140
|
312
|
205
|
66
|
|
2150
|
72
|
781
|
1 079(*)
|
|
2160
|
154
|
129
|
84
|
|
2170
|
37
|
24
|
65
|
|
2180
|
2 069
|
875
|
42
|
|
2190
|
180
|
136
|
76
|
|
2210
|
44
|
33
|
77
|
|
2220
|
10
|
5
|
52
|
|
2230
|
79
|
66
|
84
|
|
2240
|
47
|
51
|
109(*)
|
|
2250
|
132
|
115
|
87
|
|
2260
|
431
|
284
|
66
|
|
2270
|
408
|
368
|
90
|
|
2310
|
100
|
79
|
80
|
|
2320
|
90
|
63
|
70
|
|
2330
|
1 304
|
880
|
67
|
|
2340
|
13
|
12
|
91
|
|
91N0
|
54
|
31
|
58
|
|
|
|
Inside Natura 2000
|
|
EU27
excluding Romania
|
Area (km2)
|
Rocky and dune habitats (km2)
|
% Rocky and dune habitats area
|
|
Rocky habitats
|
52 031
|
15 839
|
30
|
|
8110
|
5 567
|
2 268
|
41
|
|
8120
|
2 747
|
1 099
|
40
|
|
8130
|
1 827
|
1 179
|
65
|
|
8140
|
315
|
270
|
86
|
|
8150
|
21
|
15
|
72
|
|
8160
|
86
|
47
|
54
|
|
8210
|
5 875
|
3 747
|
64
|
|
8220
|
6 721
|
3 576
|
53
|
|
8230
|
1 134
|
678
|
60
|
|
8310
|
25 694
|
1 548
|
6
|
|
8320
|
728
|
575
|
79
|
|
8340
|
1 316
|
837
|
64
|
|
TOTAL
|
65 135
|
22 686
|
35
|
Note: (*) total area not reported for this habitat by Portugal, which reported surface area in Natura 2000
Conservation status and trends
The vast majority (78 %) of the assessments of the 41 rocky and dune habitats at the EU level have an unfavourable conservation status (47 % poor and 31 % bad). 18 % have a good conservation status. There are differences between the different habitat groups (Figure 1): 'rocky habitats' has the highest proportion of good status (28 %) and the 'sea cliffs, beaches, and islets' the worst status (91 % unfavourable).
Among the habitat assessments that do not have a good status, most have a deteriorating trend (41 %) while only 7 % have an improving trend. An additional 33 % maintain their unfavourable status; the conservation status trend is unknow for 20 % of the assessments. The group with the worst conservation status trends is 'sea cliffs, beaches, and islets' (55 % deteriorating); 'coastal and inland dune' habitats have the higher proportion of improving trends (10 %), but also a very high proportion of deteriorating trends (54 %) (Figure 2).
Details on conservation status and conservation status trends for each Member State are given in Table 5.
Figure 1 – Conservation status of rocky and dune habitats at the EU level (in percentage)
Note: Number of assessments per group shown in brackets.
Figure 2 – Conservation status trends of rocky and dune habitats at the EU level (in percentage)
Note: Number of assessments per group shown in brackets.
Table 5 – Conservation status and trends of rocky and dune habitats
in the Member States (in percentage)
|
Member States
|
FV
|
U1-
|
U1+
|
U1=
|
U1x
|
U2-
|
U2+
|
U2=
|
U2x
|
XX
|
|
AT (16)
|
69
|
|
|
|
13
|
6
|
|
6
|
6
|
|
|
BE (19)
|
16
|
|
|
|
5
|
5
|
11
|
32
|
32
|
|
|
BG (27)
|
|
|
|
59
|
30
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
CY (11)
|
45
|
|
|
18
|
|
18
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
CZ (15)
|
73
|
|
|
20
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
|
DE (45)
|
42
|
11
|
|
11
|
2
|
27
|
|
2
|
4
|
|
|
DK (32)
|
9
|
6
|
|
|
25
|
19
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
EE (16)
|
81
|
6
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ES (44)
|
16
|
7
|
2
|
27
|
16
|
2
|
|
7
|
11
|
11
|
|
FI (20)
|
40
|
25
|
|
15
|
|
15
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
FR (60)
|
30
|
15
|
|
13
|
13
|
17
|
|
5
|
3
|
3
|
|
GR (15)
|
47
|
|
7
|
47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HR (14)
|
50
|
7
|
|
7
|
|
7
|
|
7
|
7
|
14
|
|
HU (7)
|
57
|
|
|
14
|
|
29
|
|
|
|
|
|
IE (15)
|
13
|
13
|
|
67
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
|
IT (44)
|
7
|
7
|
|
50
|
|
27
|
|
9
|
|
|
|
LT (12)
|
33
|
|
|
8
|
42
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
LU (6)
|
83
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LV (16)
|
25
|
13
|
13
|
25
|
6
|
6
|
|
|
6
|
6
|
|
MT (7)
|
14
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
71
|
|
|
|
NL (12)
|
42
|
|
|
33
|
8
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
PL (25)
|
32
|
4
|
8
|
32
|
|
12
|
|
4
|
8
|
|
|
PT (40)
|
28
|
30
|
|
8
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
RO (21)
|
86
|
|
10
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SE (43)
|
33
|
5
|
|
9
|
5
|
12
|
5
|
5
|
28
|
|
|
SI (12)
|
67
|
|
|
8
|
17
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
SK (16)
|
81
|
|
|
6
|
6
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
Notes: FV = good, U1 = poor, U2 = bad, XX = unknown conservation status
'-' = deteriorating, '+' = improving, '=' = stable, 'x' = unknown conservation status trend; number of assessments per Member State shown in brackets.
Pressures
Rocky and dune habitats are subject to a wide diversity of pressures resulting in their degradation and extirpation. According to Member States reports under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, the top three groups of pressures (in percentage of the total) are:
-Habitat management amounts to over 24 %; from these, over 43 % arise from development of sports, tourism, and leisure activities, near one-third (32 %) is due to abandonment, (on one hand), or intensification (on the other hand) of agricultural practices and, about 14 % from forest management activities
-Conversion/Land use change with near 23 % of all pressures; from these, near 80 % arise from development of housing, industrial and recreational facilities, and coastal protection infrastructures
-Pollution, with over 15 %; this is mainly due to mixed source air and water pollution (36 %), agricultural activities (35 %), and different types of urban, industrial and recreational activities (27 %).
Equally important are alien & problematic species with near 13 %, particularly those species that are not listed in the EU regulation.
Figure 3 – Pressures reported for rocky and dune habitats
(in percentage)
Note: based on pressures reported as 'high-ranking'.
Condition of habitats
Member States reported on the condition of habitat types under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. This data can be used to estimate the area of rocky and dune habitats assessed as degraded (condition not-good) therefore, requiring restoration.
The area of rocky and dune habitats that would need to be restored, i.e., improved condition, is at least 6 619 km2, representing 10 % of the total area reported for this group of habitats (the values exclude Romania). However, the condition of habitats reported as 'unknown' (or not reported) is about 28 500 km2 (44 % of the total area). This means that the area requiring restoration is bigger than 6 619 km2; for example, assuming that half of the 'unknown' area is in a not-good condition, the area to be restored would be over 20 800 km2 or 35 100 km2 if all the 'unknown' is assumed to be in a 'not-good' condition (44 % of the total area). Table 6 gives information for each of the 41 rocky and dune habitats (excluding Romania) and Table 7 the condition areas and percentage for each of the Member States.
In addition to the habitat condition, Member States also reported on the 'favourable reference areas'. Comparing this area with the actual habitat area allows to estimate how much area of the habitat would need to be re-created to achieve a good distribution and area of the habitat. Based on this data, it is estimated that a strict minimum of 355 km2 would need to be re-created to achieve a ‘favourable area’:
-22 km2 for cliffs, beaches, and islets habitats
-223 km2 for costal and inland dunes (particularly for priority habitat 'Pannonic inland dunes)
-111 km2 for rocky habitats
However, these values are much higher since several Member States did not provide enough information in their reports to allow a more realistic estimation.
Table 6 – Condition of rocky and dune habitats per Annex I habitat type
|
|
|
Condition (area in km2)
|
Condition (in percentage)
|
|
|
Habitat area
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
|
Total
|
65 135
|
30 048
|
6 619
|
28 468
|
46
|
10
|
44
|
|
Sea cliffs, beaches & islets
|
5 728
|
2 367
|
397
|
2 964
|
41
|
7
|
52
|
|
1210
|
172
|
76
|
52
|
43
|
45
|
30
|
25
|
|
1220
|
359
|
300
|
23
|
36
|
83
|
7
|
10
|
|
1230
|
645
|
574
|
65
|
6
|
89
|
10
|
1
|
|
1240
|
494
|
414
|
16
|
64
|
84
|
3
|
13
|
|
1250
|
260
|
133
|
23
|
104
|
51
|
9
|
40
|
|
1610
|
555
|
413
|
68
|
75
|
74
|
12
|
14
|
|
1620
|
3 217
|
440
|
141
|
2 636
|
14
|
4
|
82
|
|
1640
|
27
|
18
|
9
|
0
|
66
|
32
|
1
|
|
Coastal and inland dunes
|
7 376
|
2 339
|
1 412
|
3 625
|
32
|
19
|
49
|
|
2110
|
165
|
39
|
18
|
109
|
23
|
11
|
66
|
|
2120
|
354
|
157
|
70
|
128
|
44
|
20
|
36
|
|
2130
|
1 322
|
512
|
513
|
298
|
39
|
39
|
23
|
|
2140
|
312
|
204
|
79
|
28
|
65
|
25
|
9
|
|
2150
|
72
|
65
|
1
|
6
|
90
|
1
|
8
|
|
2160
|
154
|
51
|
10
|
93
|
33
|
6
|
60
|
|
2170
|
37
|
11
|
6
|
19
|
31
|
17
|
53
|
|
2180
|
2 069
|
258
|
207
|
1 604
|
12
|
10
|
78
|
|
2190
|
180
|
90
|
58
|
32
|
50
|
32
|
18
|
|
2210
|
44
|
16
|
9
|
18
|
37
|
22
|
41
|
|
2220
|
10
|
9
|
0
|
1
|
90
|
0
|
10
|
|
2230
|
79
|
64
|
3
|
12
|
81
|
4
|
15
|
|
2240
|
47
|
14
|
32
|
1
|
31
|
68
|
1
|
|
2250
|
132
|
73
|
42
|
17
|
55
|
32
|
13
|
|
2260
|
431
|
343
|
81
|
7
|
80
|
19
|
2
|
|
2270
|
408
|
232
|
122
|
55
|
57
|
30
|
13
|
|
2310
|
100
|
36
|
23
|
41
|
36
|
23
|
41
|
|
2320
|
90
|
47
|
29
|
14
|
52
|
33
|
15
|
|
2330
|
1 304
|
99
|
74
|
1 131
|
8
|
6
|
87
|
|
2340
|
13
|
1
|
0
|
12
|
10
|
4
|
87
|
|
91N0
|
54
|
19
|
35
|
0
|
34
|
65
|
1
|
|
Rocky habitats
|
52 031
|
25 343
|
4 810
|
21 878
|
49
|
9
|
42
|
|
8110
|
5 567
|
1 593
|
224
|
3 750
|
29
|
4
|
67
|
|
8120
|
2 747
|
1 567
|
385
|
795
|
57
|
14
|
29
|
|
8130
|
1 827
|
1 168
|
306
|
352
|
64
|
17
|
19
|
|
8140
|
315
|
309
|
0
|
6
|
98
|
0
|
2
|
|
8150
|
21
|
12
|
2
|
8
|
54
|
9
|
37
|
|
8160
|
86
|
62
|
15
|
10
|
72
|
17
|
11
|
|
8210
|
5 875
|
2 864
|
561
|
2 449
|
49
|
10
|
42
|
|
8220
|
6 721
|
3 783
|
274
|
2 663
|
56
|
4
|
40
|
|
8230
|
1 134
|
242
|
101
|
791
|
21
|
9
|
70
|
|
8310
|
25 694
|
12 885
|
1 966
|
10 844
|
50
|
8
|
42
|
|
8320
|
728
|
567
|
67
|
94
|
78
|
9
|
13
|
|
8340
|
1 316
|
291
|
909
|
115
|
22
|
69
|
9
|
Notes: Areas reported by Romania excluded from the table.
Table 7 – Condition of Annex I rocky and dune habitats per Member State
|
|
Habitats area (km2)
|
|
Percentage
|
|
|
Member State
|
Total
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
Good
|
Not-good
|
Unknown
|
|
AT
|
2 847
|
2 370
|
456
|
20
|
83
|
16
|
1
|
|
BE
|
62
|
26
|
31
|
5
|
42
|
50
|
8
|
|
BG
|
549
|
0
|
0
|
549
|
0
|
0
|
100
|
|
CY
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
87
|
9
|
4
|
|
CZ
|
81
|
58
|
5
|
17
|
72
|
7
|
22
|
|
DE
|
624
|
485
|
54
|
85
|
78
|
9
|
14
|
|
DK
|
631
|
358
|
271
|
2
|
57
|
43
|
0
|
|
EE
|
113
|
84
|
7
|
22
|
74
|
6
|
20
|
|
ES
|
5 475
|
2 257
|
360
|
2 858
|
41
|
7
|
52
|
|
FI
|
3 868
|
2 597
|
377
|
894
|
67
|
10
|
23
|
|
FR
|
32 467
|
14 814
|
3 941
|
13 712
|
46
|
12
|
42
|
|
GR
|
801
|
673
|
11
|
117
|
84
|
1
|
15
|
|
HR
|
761
|
759
|
0
|
1
|
100
|
0
|
0
|
|
HU
|
235
|
156
|
79
|
0
|
66
|
34
|
0
|
|
IE
|
184
|
142
|
42
|
0
|
77
|
23
|
0
|
|
IT
|
7 633
|
1 522
|
163
|
5 948
|
20
|
2
|
78
|
|
LT
|
73
|
41
|
9
|
23
|
56
|
12
|
32
|
|
LU
|
5
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
91
|
8
|
1
|
|
LV
|
629
|
93
|
47
|
489
|
15
|
7
|
78
|
|
MT
|
43
|
38
|
5
|
0
|
88
|
12
|
0
|
|
NL
|
500
|
169
|
164
|
167
|
34
|
33
|
33
|
|
PL
|
456
|
85
|
157
|
214
|
19
|
34
|
47
|
|
PT
|
595
|
318
|
107
|
170
|
53
|
18
|
29
|
|
RO (*)
|
61 107
|
53 508
|
526
|
7 074
|
88
|
1
|
12
|
|
SE
|
5 247
|
2 746
|
315
|
2 185
|
52
|
6
|
42
|
|
SI
|
754
|
245
|
15
|
494
|
32
|
2
|
66
|
|
SK
|
499
|
5
|
1
|
493
|
1
|
0
|
99
|
Notes: (*) areas reported by Romania largely overestimated.
Carbon stock and sequestration
Carbon sequestration and storage capacities of rocky and dune habitats are naturally low and, with few exceptions such as wooded dunes, provide only major contributions if the respective areas reach significant dimensions. Annual sequestration of these habitats is estimated to be about 5 Mio tons C per year or 18.4 Mio tons of CO2. The storage capacity is estimated between 20 and 530 Mio tons of carbon equivalent to 73 to 1 945 tons of CO2. Due to the nature of the habitats which are usually characterised by low vegetation and soil coverage the storage capacities are most likely more at the lower end of the estimated range. Only if covered by woody vegetation storage capacities per ha reach significant numbers even if annual sequestration rates are often low.
Table 8 – Carbon stock and sequestration of Annex I rocky and dune habitats
|
EU27
excluding Romania
|
Area (km2)
|
Total Carbon Stock (Mt)
|
Potential carbon sequestration rate (Mt y-1)
|
|
|
|
min
|
max
|
mean
|
|
Sea cliffs, beaches and islets
|
5 728
|
0.00
|
42.97
|
0.43
|
|
1210
|
172
|
0.00
|
1.29
|
0.01
|
|
1220
|
359
|
0.00
|
2.69
|
0.03
|
|
1230
|
645
|
0.00
|
4.84
|
0.05
|
|
1240
|
494
|
0.00
|
3.71
|
0.04
|
|
1250
|
260
|
0.00
|
1.95
|
0.02
|
|
1610
|
555
|
0.00
|
4.16
|
0.04
|
|
1620
|
3 217
|
0.00
|
24.13
|
0.24
|
|
1640
|
27
|
0.00
|
0.20
|
0.00
|
|
Coastal and inland dunes
|
7 376
|
20.23
|
94.54
|
0.61
|
|
2110
|
165
|
0.00
|
1.24
|
0.01
|
|
2120
|
354
|
0.00
|
2.66
|
0.03
|
|
2130
|
1 322
|
0.00
|
9.92
|
0.10
|
|
2140
|
312
|
2.34
|
4.68
|
0.07
|
|
2150
|
72
|
0.54
|
1.08
|
0.02
|
|
2160
|
154
|
0.00
|
1.16
|
0.01
|
|
2170
|
37
|
0.00
|
0.28
|
0.00
|
|
2180
|
2 069
|
15.52
|
46.55
|
0.16
|
|
2190
|
180
|
0.00
|
1.35
|
0.01
|
|
2210
|
44
|
0.00
|
0.33
|
0.00
|
|
2220
|
10
|
0.00
|
0.08
|
0.00
|
|
2230
|
79
|
0.00
|
0.59
|
0.01
|
|
2240
|
47
|
0.00
|
0.35
|
0.00
|
|
2250
|
132
|
0.00
|
0.99
|
0.01
|
|
2260
|
431
|
0.00
|
3.23
|
0.03
|
|
2270
|
408
|
0.00
|
6.12
|
0.43
|
|
2310
|
100
|
0.75
|
1.50
|
0.01
|
|
2320
|
90
|
0.68
|
1.35
|
0.01
|
|
2330
|
1 304
|
0.00
|
9.78
|
0.10
|
|
2340
|
13
|
0.00
|
0.10
|
0.00
|
|
91N0
|
54
|
0.41
|
1.22
|
0.01
|
|
Rocky habitats
|
52 031
|
0.00
|
390.23
|
3.90
|
|
8110
|
5 567
|
0.00
|
41.75
|
0.42
|
|
8120
|
2 747
|
0.00
|
20.60
|
0.21
|
|
8130
|
1 827
|
0.00
|
13.70
|
0.14
|
|
8140
|
315
|
0.00
|
2.36
|
0.02
|
|
8150
|
21
|
0.00
|
0.16
|
0.00
|
|
8160
|
86
|
0.00
|
0.65
|
0.01
|
|
8210
|
5 875
|
0.00
|
44.06
|
0.44
|
|
8220
|
6 721
|
0.00
|
50.41
|
0.50
|
|
8230
|
1 134
|
0.00
|
8.51
|
0.09
|
|
8310
|
25 694
|
0.00
|
192.71
|
1.93
|
|
8320
|
728
|
0.00
|
5.46
|
0.05
|
|
8340
|
1 316
|
0.00
|
9.87
|
0.10
|
|
TOTAL
|
65 135
|
20.23
|
527.74
|
4.95
|
Note: areas reported by Romania note included.
Annex A
Map 2 – Distribution of Annex I sea cliffs, beaches, and islets (1210-1250, 1610, 1620, 1640)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.
Map 3 – Distribution of Annex I coastal and inland dunes (2110-2190, 2210-2270, 2310-2340, 91N0)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.
Map 4 – Distribution of Annex I rocky habitats (8110-8160, 8210-8230, 8310-8340, except 8330)
Note: the shades of brown indicate the number of habitat types per 10 km x 10 km grid cell.