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  Country report, gender equality
  How are EU rules transposed into national law? : Germany 2018

  Latest edition.

  • Published: 2019-01-14
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, Germany, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
• Case C-378/17: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 4 December 2018 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Supreme Court — Ireland) — Minister for Justice and Equality, Commissioner of An Garda Síochána v Workplace Relations Commission (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Equal treatment in employment — Directive 2000/78/EC — Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age — Recruitment of police officers — National body established by law in order to ensure enforcement of EU law in a particular area — Power to disapply national legislation that conflicts with EU law — Primacy of EU law)

  • Published: 2018-12-04
  • Corporate Author(s): Court of Justice (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: age discrimination, equal treatment, police, primacy of EU law, recruitment
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  Country report
  Non-discrimination : Latvia 2018

  Latest edition.

  • Published: 2018-11-19
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, discrimination based on disability, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, equal treatment, ethnic discrimination, Latvia, national law, religious discrimination, report, sexual discrimination, social policy
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  Country report non-discrimination
  Liechtenstein 2018

  Latest edition.

  • Published: 2018-11-19
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, Liechtenstein, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
• 

  Country report, gender equality
  How are EU rules transposed into national law? : Greece 2018

  Latest edition.

  Greece is a parliamentary republic. The Greek legal order has a strict hierarchical structure provided by the Constitution,1 which is written and rigid and prevails over statutes. According to Article 28(1) of the Constitution, international treaties introduced in the Greek legal order by statut...

  Greece is a parliamentary republic. The Greek legal order has a strict hierarchical structure provided by the Constitution,1 which is written and rigid and prevails over statutes. According to Article 28(1) of the Constitution, international treaties introduced in the Greek legal order by statute and subsequently ratified prevail over statutes. Greek courts acknowledge the primacy of EU law over the Constitution. They often apply EU law and they interpret and apply the Constitution in light of EU law, in particular in gender equality cases. All courts review the conformity of statutes with the standards of the Constitution, EU law and ratified treaties and either interpret the statutes in conformity with these standards or disapply those that they consider to be contrary thereto (Articles 93(4), 87(2) and 28 of the Constitution). There are three branches of the judiciary: i) administrative, ii) civil and penal and iii) the Court of Audit. The administrative courts hear claims against the State, local authorities and other legal persons governed by public law, including claims by their personnel and social security claims against compulsory social security schemes, as the entities that run them are legal persons governed by public law, except for pension claims by civil servants which are heard by the Court of Audit. The civil courts hear cases between private persons and the penal courts hear criminal cases (Articles 94-98 of the Constitution).

  • Published: 2018-10-08
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, Greece, labour market, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
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  Country report, gender equality
  How are EU rules transposed into national law? : Liechtenstein 2018

  Latest edition.

  The national legal system in Liechtenstein is - corresponding to its Constitution - a constitutional hereditary monarchy based on democracy and parliamentary government. Parliament (Landtag) is the representative body of the nation. Its main task is to pass legislation. For a law to enter into f...

  The national legal system in Liechtenstein is - corresponding to its Constitution - a constitutional hereditary monarchy based on democracy and parliamentary government. Parliament (Landtag) is the representative body of the nation. Its main task is to pass legislation. For a law to enter into force, Parliament has to approve it, the sovereign has to give his consent and the Prime Minister has to countersign it. Finally it has to be published in the State Gazette (Landesgesetzblatt). Characteristic of direct democracy in Liechtenstein is the fact that each law that has not been declared as urgent by Parliament and every treaty according to international law are subject to a facultative referendum. The main concepts of EU gender equality law have been implemented in Liechtenstein by the Gender Equality Act (Gleichstellungsgesetz, GLG). The court system in Liechtenstein is rather simple and small. Jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters is in first instance with the County Court (Landgericht), in second instance with the Appelate Court (Obergericht) and the court of last resort is called Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof). Courts of public law are the Higher Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) and the Constitutional Court (Staatsgerichtshof). All courts are based in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein.

  • Published: 2018-10-08
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, Liechtenstein, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
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  Country report, gender equality
  How are EU rules transposed into national law? : Denmark 2018

  Latest edition.

  Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, consisting of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not members of the EU. The Danish judicial system is based on the traditions of civil law as in continental Europe and is more or less divided into private law and pu...

  Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, consisting of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not members of the EU. The Danish judicial system is based on the traditions of civil law as in continental Europe and is more or less divided into private law and public law. In general, rules and legal principles are organised in a number of codes. The Danish labour market is to a very large extent covered by collective agreements. The collective agreements cover areas such as wages and parental leave rights. Collective agreements accordingly play a significant role in the legal landscape regarding work-related issues. The collective agreements must comply with the principle of non-discrimination. The system of courts has a unified structure. Thus, there are no special courts of law. Several specialised complaints boards are present under Danish law. In 2009 the Board of Equal Treatment was established. The board handles individual complaints on all grounds of discrimination. Decisions from the complaint board can be appealed to the courts. The administration of courts in Denmark is mainly regulated by the Administration of Justice Act. According to the Danish civil law tradition, written legislation is one important legal source. Court decisions are also considered important sources of law. In Denmark the Minister for Gender Equality is responsible for all activities in the field of gender equality and the ministry co-ordinates the equality work of other ministries.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, Denmark, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
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  Country report, gender equality
  How are EU rules transposed into national law? : the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2018

  Latest edition.

  • Published: 2019-02-12
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, application of EU law, equal pay, equal treatment, gender equality, labour market, Macedonia, maternity leave, national law, parental leave, paternity leave, pension scheme, report, sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, social security
• Case T-11/17: Judgment of the General Court of 7 February 2019 — RK v Council (Civil service — Officials — Article 42c of the Staff Regulations — Placing official on leave in the interests of the service — Equal treatment — Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of age — Manifest error of assessment — Right to be heard — Duty to have regard for the welfare of officials — Responsibility)

  • Published: 2019-02-07
  • Corporate Author(s): General Court (Court of Justice of the European Union)
  • Subject: age discrimination, damages, equal treatment, European official, indemnification, rest period, right to justice, rights of the defence, staff regulations (EU)
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  Country report
  Non-discrimination : Portugal 2018

  Latest edition.

  • Published: 2019-01-07
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) ; human european consultancy ; Migration Policy Group ; Universiteit Utrecht
  • Subject: age discrimination, anti-discriminatory measure, discrimination based on disability, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, equal treatment, ethnic discrimination, national law, Portugal, religious discrimination, report, sexual discrimination, social policy