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  Investing in skills pays off
  The economic and social cost of low-skilled adults in the EU

  This Cedefop study seeks to provide a comprehensive and robust evidence base on low-skilled adults in the European Union. It analyses trends in low skills among adults as well as characteristics, determinants and risks of being low-skilled. The study also provides an estimation of the individual...

  This Cedefop study seeks to provide a comprehensive and robust evidence base on low-skilled adults in the European Union. It analyses trends in low skills among adults as well as characteristics, determinants and risks of being low-skilled. The study also provides an estimation of the individual and social value in monetary terms of a faster increase in the general level of skills in Member States compared to the current trend. Fully appreciating the benefits of updating the skills of individuals through adult and lifelong learning is essential to strengthening the rationale for public intervention in this area and to designing and implementing effective policies tailored to this particular target group.

  • Published: 2018-10-05
  • Corporate Author(s): Cedefop (EU body or agency)
  • Subject: adult education, labour market, professional qualifications, skill obsolescence, social cost, unemployment, unskilled worker, updating of skills
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Czech Republic

  Demographic trends: low fertility rates and population aging. One of the most significant demographic trends currently in the Czech Republic is population aging, caused by a very low fertility rate since the 1990s, and a positive trend of rising life expectancy. Although fertility has risen in r...

  Demographic trends: low fertility rates and population aging. One of the most significant demographic trends currently in the Czech Republic is population aging, caused by a very low fertility rate since the 1990s, and a positive trend of rising life expectancy. Although fertility has risen in recent decades, from 1.15 in year 2000 (one of the lowest in the world) to 1.57 children per woman in 2015 (almost at the EU-28 average of 1.58), it is still far from 2.1 children per women, considered the replacement level in developed countries (EUROSTAT, 2017). The Czech population would, therefore, be shrinking in the current decades if not for net immigration to the country. The demographic projection of the Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) predicts a significant decline in the productive component of the population by 2020, with subsequent stagnation in the 2020s followed by a further steep decline. According to the prediction, people aged over 65 are expected to account for 32 % of the population by 2050 (35 % of all women and 30 % of all men), whereas in 2015 this age group only made up 18 % of the population (CZSO, 2016). The World Bank predicts an increase in the age group of people over 65 in the Czech Republic to 3.01 million in 2050 (World Bank, 2017). The acceleration of population aging trends will arrive after 2035, when the strong cohorts born in the 1970s will gradually retire. These developments will pose a significant burden on public finances. Labour market situation has improved significantly following the economic crisis. The unemployment rate has fallen continuously since 2009, reaching an average of 3.5 % in Q1 2017, historically the lowest measured unemployment rate. At the same time, the employment rate has risen steadily reaching 72.8 %. In international comparison, the overall unemployment rate in the CR in 2016 of 4 % was the lowest among the EU countries and a way below the average of EU28 at 8.5 %.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: Czech Republic, emigration, EU employment policy, labour law, labour market, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Bulgaria

  The number of Bulgarians dispersed to 60 destination countries all over the world has doubled during the past 25 years (1990-2015). Based on UN data, the number of Bulgarian emigrants has increased rapidly since 2000, since it was estimated at 615 000 in 1990 (mid-year), 689 000 in 2000, 1 136 0...

  The number of Bulgarians dispersed to 60 destination countries all over the world has doubled during the past 25 years (1990-2015). Based on UN data, the number of Bulgarian emigrants has increased rapidly since 2000, since it was estimated at 615 000 in 1990 (mid-year), 689 000 in 2000, 1 136 000 in 2010, and 1 176 000 people in 2015. In 2015, the numbers of Bulgarians were greatest in Europe and Asia – more than 90 % of the total (more than 570 000 people in European countries, and 510 000 in Asia. More than 270 000 Bulgarians are registered in Southern Europe, primarily in Spain, Greece and Italy. More than 190 000 are registered in Western Europe, primarily in Germany, Belgium, France and the Netherlands. More than 76 000 are in Northern Europe, mainly in the UK, and about 30 000 in Eastern Europe including Romania, Russian Federation, Czech Republic. The large number of Bulgarian emigrants in the Asian region is due mainly to the emigration of Bulgarian Turks into Turkey. Relatively compact Bulgarian communities have also formed in Israel, Cyprus and Kazakhstan. Eurostat data confirm the preferences of Bulgarian citizens towards certain European countries, such as Germany, Spain and Greece. According to this data, 662 000 Bulgarian citizens lived in European countries in 2016 (639 000 of them live in EU Member States) – no information is available regarding the UK, Malta and Cyprus for this year. But if data concerning the country of birth were used rather than data concerning citizenship, the numbers would decline by half (some of the countries did not provide such information). The main receiving countries are Germany, Spain and Greece, where respectively 36 %, 20 % and 12 % of the Bulgarian migrants have settled. They make up 6-7 % of the EU citizens residing in the first two countries, but more than 38 % of those in Greece. Their allocation by gender in the main receiving countries is relatively balanced, except for countries such as Italy where men account for only 37 %, and the Czech Republic where women account for 38 %. The percentage of Bulgarians of active working age (69 %) is lower than that of the citizens of other EU Member States (77 %) residing abroad. However, it is significantly higher than the share of people of active working age in Bulgaria (61 %). From 2008-2016, the population of active working age in Bulgaria declined by more than half a million people (or by 6.5 %) (NSI, Bulgaria). The IAB database provides an idea of the qualification of migrants by main receiving countries. Overseas destination countries and the UK attract highly qualified migrants from Bulgaria more than most EU countries. Albeit, Bulgarian highly qualified specialists find countries such as France, Switzerland and Ireland more attractive than Southern European countries.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: Bulgaria, emigration, EU employment policy, labour law, labour market, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Portugal

  Following a downturn after 25 April 1974, Portuguese emigration grew steadily once the country joined the EU in 1986 and has accelerated since 2000. The economic trends of stagnation and downward pressure on public investment that followed Portugal’s accession to the Euro generated increased emi...

  Following a downturn after 25 April 1974, Portuguese emigration grew steadily once the country joined the EU in 1986 and has accelerated since 2000. The economic trends of stagnation and downward pressure on public investment that followed Portugal’s accession to the Euro generated increased emigration during the first two decades of the 21st Century, mainly due to worsening labour market conditions (Pires et al. 2015; Peixoto et al. 2016). This increase was interrupted by the financial crisis of 2008-10 but reinforced during the fiscal consolidation of 2011-14.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): CIES-IUL ; Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission) ; ISCTE-IUL ; Observatório da Emigração
  • Subject: emigration, EU employment policy, labour law, labour market, Portugal, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Lithuania

  According to Statistics Lithuania (SL), at the beginning of 2016, the estimated resident population of Lithuania was 2.89 million, i.e. almost 33 000 (1.1 %) less than at the beginning of 2015. During 2005–15, the resident population in Lithuania fell by 466 600, or 13.9 %. SL estimates that in ...

  According to Statistics Lithuania (SL), at the beginning of 2016, the estimated resident population of Lithuania was 2.89 million, i.e. almost 33 000 (1.1 %) less than at the beginning of 2015. During 2005–15, the resident population in Lithuania fell by 466 600, or 13.9 %. SL estimates that in 2005–15, due to negative net international migration, the population declined by 334 900 (71.8 % of the total decline), and due to the natural decrease by 131 700 (28.2 % of the total decline) (SL, 2016). In 2016, women accounted for a slightly higher share of Lithuania’s resident population than men: females accounted for 54 % and males for 46 % of the total population. According to SL, in 2016, children under 14 years accounted for 14.7 %, 15 to 64 year-olds accounted for 66.3 % and those above 65 years made up 19.0 % of the population in Lithuania. Based on SL data, in 2016, 30.4 % of the country’s population had higher and/or post-secondary education and almost 34.6 % had special upper secondary/upper secondary/special lower secondary education. According to SL, the employment rate among people aged from 15-64 has been steadily growing in Lithuania since 2010 and reached 69.4 % in 2016, showing an increase of 11.8 percentage points over the given period (2010-16). Similarly, the unemployment rate has been gradually falling since 2010 making up 8.1 % in 2016. The same trends are observed in job vacancies analysis: the number of job vacancies almost tripled in Lithuania from 2010-2016 (from 6 600 to 16 200). The analysis of unemployment rates by sex in Lithuania in 2005-16 shows that men had higher unemployment rates than women for nearly the whole period under discussion. In 2016, the unemployment rate for men in Lithuania was 9.3 % and 6.8 % for women.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: emigration, EU employment policy, labour law, labour market, Lithuania, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  Coordination of social security systems at a glance
  2016 statistical report

  This statistical report provides an overview and evaluation of the current data collection and reporting on the coordination of social security systems. It covers data collected both within the framework of the Administrative Commission11 and outside this framework (other data available at natio...

  This statistical report provides an overview and evaluation of the current data collection and reporting on the coordination of social security systems. It covers data collected both within the framework of the Administrative Commission11 and outside this framework (other data available at national or EU level). It draws conclusions and identifies trends by area. The report also includes advice on the further development of the statistical framework. Annex I contains the collected data by area. Annex II contains country fiches for all EU-28 / EFTA countries.

  • Published: 2018-10-02
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission) ; HIVA-KU Leuven
  • Subject: cross-border cooperation, data collection, EU Member State, family benefit, health care, report, social security, social security legislation, social-security benefit, social-security contribution, social-security harmonisation, statistical method, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Poland

  Poland, similar to virtually all Eastern European countries, faces significant population ageing. The systemic and economic transition led to a fast drop in fertility levels. While in the late 1980s, the total fertility rate exceeded 2.0, within merely a decade it dropped below 1.4, and in 2002,...

  Poland, similar to virtually all Eastern European countries, faces significant population ageing. The systemic and economic transition led to a fast drop in fertility levels. While in the late 1980s, the total fertility rate exceeded 2.0, within merely a decade it dropped below 1.4, and in 2002, prior to the EU accession, it reached the lowest point at 1.3. As a result, there is a persistent gap between the average fertility in EU countries and Poland. At the same time, average life expectancy in Poland was increasing. Between 1990 and 2015, life expectancy at birth for men increased from 66.3 years to 73.5 years and for women from 75.3 to 81.6 years. Life expectancy in Poland remains below the average EU-28 level. The gap for men is 4.4 years (at birth) and for women 1.7 years. Lower fertility and rising life expectancy, combined with the waves of baby booms (post-war in the 1950s and 1980s) lead to pronounced changes in the age structure of the Polish population : a fall in the number of children and youth and a rise in age groups 45 and over. Before and after accession, the size of the population in the age group with the highest propensity to migrate (20-44 years) remained relatively stable.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: emigration, EU employment policy, labour law, labour market, Poland, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Italy

  The right to free movement of workers is a fundamental principle and one of four main freedoms guaranteed by the EU, together with the free movement of goods, services, and capital. The right is also enshrined in Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The princ...

  The right to free movement of workers is a fundamental principle and one of four main freedoms guaranteed by the EU, together with the free movement of goods, services, and capital. The right is also enshrined in Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The principle, therefore, lies at the core of the EU and is key to the development of European labour markets. It should enable EU citizens to find jobs and to work in other areas where there are labour shortages or better employment opportunities, ultimately contributing to the reduction of skills and job mismatch. But brain drain is a growing problem at European level. Most recently, the New Skills Agenda, while advocating the enhancement of geographical mobility across Member States, clearly stated the importance of reducing brain drain, including ‘further analysis and sharing of best practice to tackle brain drain’ as one of its 10 actions.1 In Italy, the start of the economic crisis caused a decrease in net migration (from a positive balance of almost half a million in 2008 to +144 000 in 2016) (ISTAT, 2017), with a fall in foreigners moving to Italy, and a parallel increase of people living in Italy moving abroad. The emigration trend, positive in the short term, may have negative effects for the country medium to long-term, primarily for the possible impact this migration may have on the real economy and innovation capacity. This is because the share of people with tertiary education leaving the country (31 %) is much higher than that of those moving to Italy (16 %) (ISTAT, 2016). Second, demographic change will impact the long-term stability of Italy’s economic and welfare system. Italy already has the largest share of the population above the age of 65 years in Europe (22 % vs 19.2 %), and it is expected to grow substantially by 2060 (33.4 % according to baseline projections).2 The recent uptick in the domestic economy may represent a shift in the trends. It has already impacted the main labour market indicators: there was an increase in the employment rate 15-74 (50 % in 2016, 1.4 p.p. higher than in 2013) alongside a parallel decrease in the unemployment rate (at 11.7 %, it is 1 p.p. below the 2014 mark, but still two times higher than 2007).3 This reflects broader participation in the labour market from the working-age population: that participation increased by 2 % in the last decade, reaching 64.9 % in 2016.4 Compared to other European countries, Italians migrate relatively less (Aspen, 2012) but recent studies (IDOS, 2017) challenge the official data available for emigration from Italy, estimating a figure 2.5 times higher than that published by the Italian National Institute for Statistics (from 147 000 to 367 500 yearly emigrants).

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: emigration, EU employment policy, Italy, labour law, labour market, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  European Centre of Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy
  Labour market policy thematic review 2018 : an in-depth analysis of the emigration of skilled labour, Ireland

  In this section we use the latest available labour market data from the first quarter of 2017 from the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) and the Census of Population (CSO, 2016) to describe the current position of the Irish labour market....

  In this section we use the latest available labour market data from the first quarter of 2017 from the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) and the Census of Population (CSO, 2016) to describe the current position of the Irish labour market.

  • Published: 2018-09-24
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: emigration, EU employment policy, Ireland, labour law, labour market, professional qualifications, unemployment
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  Quality report of the European Union labour force survey
  2018 edition

  Latest edition.

  The purpose of this quality report is to provide the users of the European Union Labour Market Statistics with a tool for assessing the quality of these statistics which are based on the European Union Labour Force Survey. It provides a brief description of the survey and a summary of the main q...

  The purpose of this quality report is to provide the users of the European Union Labour Market Statistics with a tool for assessing the quality of these statistics which are based on the European Union Labour Force Survey. It provides a brief description of the survey and a summary of the main quality indicators which are: relevance, accuracy, accessibility and clarity, timeliness and punctuality, comparability, and coherence. The quality report is updated annually.

  • Published: 2018-10-30
  • Corporate Author(s): Eurostat (European Commission)
  • Subject: employment statistics, European Union, labour force, labour market, persons in work, unemployment