Search results

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  Europe stands for equal opportunities
  Europe stands for equal opportunities

  • Published: 2019-01-17
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: equal treatment, European social policy, job access, social inequality, social integration, social rights, social security, working conditions
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  Structural funds
  EU funding support for the health sector

  Health inequalities among Europeans have been rising across the continent, fuelled by socio-economic challenges and higher stress levels. Tackling these inequalities requires specific policies and actions, such as easier access to health services that can improve living conditions and lifestyles...

  Health inequalities among Europeans have been rising across the continent, fuelled by socio-economic challenges and higher stress levels. Tackling these inequalities requires specific policies and actions, such as easier access to health services that can improve living conditions and lifestyles. This can be achieved by targeting vulnerable groups in society through EU funding and narrowing health gaps between different socioeconomic levels.

  • Published: 2018-11-26
  • Corporate Author(s): Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (European Commission)
  • Subject: aid to disadvantaged groups, EU financing, health policy, right to health, social inequality, Structural Funds
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  Europe stands for social protection and inclusion
  

  • Published: 2019-01-17
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: equal treatment, European social policy, job access, social inequality, social integration, social rights, social security, working conditions
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  Beyond achievement
  A comparative look into 15- year-olds’ school engagement, effort and perseverance in the European Union : executive summary. Beyond achievement : a comparative look into 15- year-olds’ school engagement, effort and perseverance in the European Union : executive summary

  Besides assuring the transmission of traditional competences – often proxied with standardised test scores and grades – schools are expected to contribute to young people’s development of non-traditional competences, such as engagement, effort and perseverance. Little is known about these compet...

  Besides assuring the transmission of traditional competences – often proxied with standardised test scores and grades – schools are expected to contribute to young people’s development of non-traditional competences, such as engagement, effort and perseverance. Little is known about these competences. Their theoretical definition is still disputed; their operationalisation is challenging and their measurement is heavily affected by the lack of adequate data. This underdevelopment is mostly due to the fact that interest in this topic is very recent. However, in the past few years, awareness of the importance of nontraditional competences for life outcomes and for full participation in society has experienced an unprecedented surge in both the scientific literature and the policy debate. Consequently, the need to investigate this topic has become increasingly pressing. This study has the goal of contributing to this endeavour by providing some – necessarily incomplete – answers to the following questions. How can computer-generated data help improve the measurement of these competences? How are European students performing in terms of non-traditional competences? Are there significant country differences in how students perform? What are the most important individual and school level determinants of these competences? How can education policy effectively intervene? The study addresses these very salient questions following the publication of computer-generated data of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. Log-files are the traces that students leave on the computer when taking the test. Log-files store a wealth of data, concerning students’ behaviour during the test (such as response time, actions taken to solve a given task, etc.), making it possible to extract meaningful information on students’ non-traditional competences.

  Besides assuring the transmission of traditional competences – often proxied with standardised test scores and grades – schools are expected to contribute to young people’s development of non-traditional competences, such as engagement, effort and perseverance. Little is known about these competences. Their theoretical definition is still disputed; their operationalisation is challenging and their measurement is heavily affected by the lack of adequate data. This underdevelopment is mostly due to the fact that interest in this topic is very recent. However, in the past few years, awareness of the importance of nontraditional competences for life outcomes and for full participation in society has experienced an unprecedented surge in both the scientific literature and the policy debate. Consequently, the need to investigate this topic has become increasingly pressing. This study has the goal of contributing to this endeavour by providing some – necessarily incomplete – answers to the following questions. How can computer-generated data help improve the measurement of these competences? How are European students performing in terms of non-traditional competences? Are there significant country differences in how students perform? What are the most important individual and school level determinants of these competences? How can education policy effectively intervene? The study addresses these very salient questions following the publication of computer-generated data of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. Log-files are the traces that students leave on the computer when taking the test. Log-files store a wealth of data, concerning students’ behaviour during the test (such as response time, actions taken to solve a given task, etc.), making it possible to extract meaningful information on students’ non-traditional competences.

  • Published: 2019-02-12
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (European Commission)
  • Subject: comparative education, digital literacy, digital technology, education policy, European Union, impact of information technology, information technology, learning, school attendance, school results, social inequality, socially disadvantaged class, student
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  She figures handbook 2018
  

  The She Figures Handbook (2018) provides methodological guidance on the calculation of indicators included in the She Figures 2018 publication, the sixth iteration of the European Commission’s She Figures publication since the release of its seminal version in 2003. Organised by data source, inf...

  The She Figures Handbook (2018) provides methodological guidance on the calculation of indicators included in the She Figures 2018 publication, the sixth iteration of the European Commission’s She Figures publication since the release of its seminal version in 2003. Organised by data source, information provided on each indicator includes a brief definition, rationale, computation method and any comments or critical issues for the reader to note. The handbook also includes a section on the verification and validation of data that outlines coherence checks and additional data considerations to be taken into consideration in the computation and interpretation of indicators. Finally, the annexes outline important information regarding international classification standards (e.g. ISCED, ISCO) to which data for several of the indicators are tied, as well as key terminology and definitions. The release of the 2018 version of the handbook beyond the groups directly involved in the production of the She Figures publication is intended to strengthen the capacity of other stakeholders to systematically produce meaningful, systematic data on gender in research and innovation.

  • Published: 2019-03-11
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission) ; Elsevier ; ICON ; Portia ; Quantos
  • Subject: decision-making, EU research policy, gender equality, guide, innovation, participation of women, position of women, research and development, scientific profession, scientific research, social inequality
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  Addressing inequalities
  A seminar of workshops. Addressing inequalities : a seminar of workshops

  This report stems from a seminar on addressing inequalities organised by the European Commission on 19 October 2018, which brought together delegates from the EU Member States representing ministries responsible for social protection, taxation and economic policy, as well as delegates from the E...

  This report stems from a seminar on addressing inequalities organised by the European Commission on 19 October 2018, which brought together delegates from the EU Member States representing ministries responsible for social protection, taxation and economic policy, as well as delegates from the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the OECD and civil society. The seminar gave insight into a number of areas: how well the EU’s social protection systems coped during the crisis, what works and what needs improvement, and what sort of policy mix is needed to ensure the gains from digitisation and automation can be distributed fairly and efficiently. By consolidating the results of this discussion, this report represents a step towards creating a better framework for policymaking to address inequalities in the EU.

  This report stems from a seminar on addressing inequalities organised by the European Commission on 19 October 2018, which brought together delegates from the EU Member States representing ministries responsible for social protection, taxation and economic policy, as well as delegates from the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the OECD and civil society. The seminar gave insight into a number of areas: how well the EU’s social protection systems coped during the crisis, what works and what needs improvement, and what sort of policy mix is needed to ensure the gains from digitisation and automation can be distributed fairly and efficiently. By consolidating the results of this discussion, this report represents a step towards creating a better framework for policymaking to address inequalities in the EU.

  • Published: 2019-03-11
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (European Commission)
  • Subject: automation, digitisation, economic policy, economic recession, EU Member State, report, social inequality, social security, tax system
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  JRC statistical audit of commitment to reducing inequality index 2018
  

  Eradicating poverty is one of the global challenges defined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, this goal cannot be achieved without reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. Development Finance International and Oxfam have developed an international monitoring framewo...

  Eradicating poverty is one of the global challenges defined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, this goal cannot be achieved without reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. Development Finance International and Oxfam have developed an international monitoring framework — the Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) index — that measures the commitment of 157 countries to reducing inequality through the fiscal policies (public spending and taxes) and labour market policies implemented by their governments. The CRI index builds on three pillars: progressivity of spending, progressivity of tax, and progressivity of labour policy. These pillars are used to organise and aggregate nine indicators into a single summary measure. This framework involves both conceptual and practical challenges. The statistical audit presented here was performed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, and it aims to contribute to ensuring the transparency and reliability of the CRI index 2018. It should enable policymakers to derive more accurate and meaningful conclusions, and to potentially guide choices on priority setting and policy formulation. Overall, the main conclusions of the present audit can be summarised as follows: the CRI index 2018 is representative of a plurality of scenarios, is reliable and has a statistically coherent framework. The uncertainty analysis shows that country ranks are robust for most countries. For a number of countries, in particular countries that are not members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ranks should be analysed within their expected confidence intervals instead of being taken at face value. The statistical assessment also shows that the CRI index has a good statistical reliability and measures one single latent phenomenon capturing the main components of the index: the ‘progressivity of labour policies’, and the interaction between the ‘progressivity of tax’ and the ‘progressivity of spending’. Notwithstanding the good statistical properties of the CRI index, some suggestions are made for possible refinements of the CRI index in future editions.

  • Published: 2018-12-06
  • Corporate Author(s): Joint Research Centre (European Commission)
  • Subject: added value, audit, fiscal policy, labour market, poverty, research report, social inequality, statistical method, sustainable development
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  Inequality and relative saving rates at the top
  

  We estimate the long- and short-run relationship between top income and wealth shares for France and the US since 1913. We find strong evidence for a long-run cointegration relationship governed by relative saving rates at the top. For both countries, we estimate a decline in the relative saving...

  We estimate the long- and short-run relationship between top income and wealth shares for France and the US since 1913. We find strong evidence for a long-run cointegration relationship governed by relative saving rates at the top. For both countries, we estimate a decline in the relative saving rates at the top - after 1968 in France and 1983 in the US, equivalent to a reduction of the long-run gap between wealth and income inequality compared to the period before. In the short-run, income inequality drives wealth inequality, while the converse link is weaker and slower. Using counterfactual simulations, we find that the recent rise in wealth inequality in the US is largely attributable to the contemporary increase in income inequality. Modest income concentration dynamics and a stronger decline in relative saving rates at the top than in the US contributed to a more subdued rise in wealth inequality in France.

  • Published: 2019-01-07
  • Corporate Author(s): European Central Bank
  • Subject: distribution of wealth, France, income, savings, social inequality, United States
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  Global trends to 2035
  Economics and society

  This study maps and analyses current and future global trends in the fields of economics and society, covering the period to 2035. Drawing on and complementing existing literature, it summarises and analyses the findings of relevant foresight studies in relation to such global trends. It traces ...

  This study maps and analyses current and future global trends in the fields of economics and society, covering the period to 2035. Drawing on and complementing existing literature, it summarises and analyses the findings of relevant foresight studies in relation to such global trends. It traces recent changes in the perceived trajectory of already-identified trends and identifies significant new or emerging trends. It also addresses potential policy implications of such trends for the European Union.

  • Published: 2018-12-05
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (European Parliament)
  • Subject: climate change, economic consequence, economics, European Union, globalisation, international affairs, social impact, social inequality, technological change
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  She figures 2018
  She figures handbook 2018

  Equality between women and men is a core value of the European Union, enshrined in the European Treaties. The EU, through a large body of legislation, actively promotes gender equality in areas such as equal pay, work-life balance, health and safety at work, social security, access to goods and ...

  Equality between women and men is a core value of the European Union, enshrined in the European Treaties. The EU, through a large body of legislation, actively promotes gender equality in areas such as equal pay, work-life balance, health and safety at work, social security, access to goods and services, and protection from human trafficking, gender-based violence and other forms of gender-based crime. The EU is also equally committed to advancing gender equality in research and innovation. More specifically, gender equality and gender ‘mainstreaming’ (the integration of a gender perspective in the preparation and evaluation of policies) in academic research is one of the priorities for the European Research Area, and the promotion of both of these policies within research and innovation is among the aims of the EU’s framework programmes. In Horizon 2020, gender equality is both a ‘cross-cutting’ issue and the topic of the dedicated Work Programme ‘Science with and for Society’, which funds specific initiatives in support of the EU’s gender equality strategy. The ‘She Figures’ publication provides a range of indicators on gender equality in research and innovation at pan-European level. It aims to give an overview of the gender equality situation, using a wide range of indicators to examine the impact and effectiveness of policies implemented in this area.

  Equality between women and men is a core value of the European Union, enshrined in the European Treaties. The EU, through a large body of legislation, actively promotes gender equality in areas such as equal pay, work-life balance, health and safety at work, social security, access to goods and services, and protection from human trafficking, gender-based violence and other forms of gender-based crime. The EU is also equally committed to advancing gender equality in research and innovation. More specifically, gender equality and gender ‘mainstreaming’ (the integration of a gender perspective in the preparation and evaluation of policies) in academic research is one of the priorities for the European Research Area, and the promotion of both of these policies within research and innovation is among the aims of the EU’s framework programmes. In Horizon 2020, gender equality is both a ‘cross-cutting’ issue and the topic of the dedicated Work Programme ‘Science with and for Society’, which funds specific initiatives in support of the EU’s gender equality strategy. The ‘She Figures’ publication provides a range of indicators on gender equality in research and innovation at pan-European level. It aims to give an overview of the gender equality situation, using a wide range of indicators to examine the impact and effectiveness of policies implemented in this area.

  • Published: 2019-03-11
  • Corporate Author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)
  • Subject: decision-making, EU research policy, gender equality, guide, innovation, participation of women, position of women, research and development, scientific profession, scientific research, social inequality