Consolidated TEXT: 31998L0070 — EN

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DIRECTIVE 98/70/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 13 October 1998

relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC

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Article 1

Scope

This Directive sets, in respect of road vehicles, and non-road mobile machinery, including inland waterway vessels when not at sea, agricultural and forestry tractors, and recreational craft when not at sea, technical specifications on health and environmental grounds for fuels to be used with positive ignition and compression-ignition engines, taking account of the technical requirements of those engines.

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Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Directive:

‘petrol’ means any volatile mineral oil intended for the operation of internal combustion positive-ignition engines for the propulsion of vehicles and falling within CN codes 2710 11 41 , 2710 11 45 , 2710 11 49 , 2710 11 51 and 2710 11 59 ( 1 );

‘diesel fuels’ means gas oils falling within CN code 2710 19 41 (1) and used for self-propelling vehicles as referred to in Directive 70/220/EEC and Directive 88/77/EEC;

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‘gas oils intended for use by non-road mobile machinery (including inland waterway vessels), agricultural and forestry tractors, and recreational craft’ means any petroleum-derived liquid, falling within CN codes 2710 19 41 and 2710 19 45 ( 2 ), intended for use in compression ignition engines referred to in Directives 94/25/EC ( 3 ), 97/68/EC ( 4 ) and 2000/25/EC ( 5 );

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‘outermost regions’ means France with regard to the French overseas departments, Portugal with regard to the Azores and Madeira, and Spain with regard to the Canary Islands;

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‘Member States with low ambient summer temperatures’ means Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden and the United Kingdom;

‘life cycle greenhouse gas emissions’ means all net emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O that can be assigned to the fuel (including any blended components) or energy supplied. This includes all relevant stages from extraction or cultivation, including land-use changes, transport and distribution, processing and combustion, irrespective of where those emissions occur;

‘greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy’ means the total mass of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions associated with the fuel or energy supplied, divided by the total energy content of the fuel or energy supplied (for fuel, expressed as its low heating value);

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‘supplier’ means fuel supplier as defined in Article 2, second paragraph, point (38), of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 6 );

‘biofuels’ means biofuels as defined in Article 2, second paragraph, point (33), of Directive (EU) 2018/2001;

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10.

‘renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin’ means liquid or gaseous fuels other than biofuels whose energy content comes from renewable energy sources other than biomass, and which are used in transport;

11.

‘starch-rich crops’ means crops comprising mainly cereals (regardless of whether only the grains are used or the whole plant, such as in the case of green maize, is used), tubers and root crops (such as potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes, cassava and yams), and corm crops (such as taro and cocoyam);

12.

‘low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels’ means biofuels, the feedstocks of which were produced within schemes which reduce the displacement of production for purposes other than for making biofuels and which were produced in accordance with the sustainability criteria for biofuels set out in Article 7b;

13.

‘processing residue’ means a substance that is not the end product(s) that a production process directly seeks to produce; it is not a primary aim of the production process and the process has not been deliberately modified to produce it;

14.

‘agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues’ means residues that are directly generated by agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry; they do not include residues from related industries or processing.

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Article 3

Petrol

No later than 1 January 2000, Member States shall prohibit the marketing of leaded petrol within their territory.

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Member States shall ensure that petrol may be placed on the market within their territory only if it complies with the environmental specifications set out in Annex I.

However, Member States may, for the outermost regions, make specific provisions for the introduction of petrol with a maximum sulphur content of 10 mg/kg. Member States making use of this provision shall inform the Commission accordingly.

Member States shall require suppliers to ensure the placing on the market of petrol with a maximum oxygen content of 2,7 % and a maximum ethanol content of 5 % until 2013 and may require the placing on the market of such petrol for a longer period if they consider it necessary. They shall ensure the provision of appropriate information to consumers concerning the biofuel content of petrol and, in particular, on the appropriate use of different blends of petrol.

Member States with low ambient summer temperatures may, subject to paragraph 5, permit the placing on the market during the summer period of petrol with a maximum vapour pressure of 70 kPa.

Member States in which the derogation referred to in the first subparagraph is not applied may, subject to paragraph 5, permit the placing on the market during the summer period of petrol containing ethanol with a maximum vapour pressure of 60 kPa and in addition the permitted vapour pressure waiver specified in Annex III, on condition that the ethanol used is a biofuel.

Where Member States wish to apply either of the derogations provided for in paragraph 4, they shall notify the Commission and provide all relevant information. The Commission shall assess the desirability and duration of the derogation, taking account of both:

(a)

the avoidance of socioeconomic problems resulting from higher vapour pressure, including time-limited technical adaptation needs; and

(b)

the environmental or health consequences of the higher vapour pressure and, in particular, the impact on compliance with Community legislation on air quality, both in the Member State concerned and in other Member States.

If the Commission's assessment shows that the derogation will result in a lack of compliance with Community legislation on air quality or air pollution, including the relevant limit values and emissions ceilings, the application shall be rejected. The Commission should also take account of relevant target values.

Where the Commission has raised no objections within six months of receipt of all relevant information, the Member State concerned may apply the requested derogation.

Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Member States may continue to permit the marketing of small quantities of leaded petrol, with a lead content not exceeding 0,15 g/l, to a maximum of 0,03 % of total sales, to be used by old vehicles of a characteristic nature and to be distributed through special interest groups.

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Article 4

Diesel fuel

Member States shall ensure that diesel fuel may be placed on the market in their territory only if it complies with the specifications set out in Annex II.

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Member States shall require suppliers to ensure the placing on the market of diesel with a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of up to 7 %.

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Member States shall ensure the provision of appropriate information to consumers concerning the biofuel, in particular FAME, content of diesel fuel.

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Member States shall ensure that the maximum permissible sulphur content of gas oils intended for use by non-road mobile machinery, including inland waterway vessels, agricultural and forestry tractors and recreational craft is 10 mg/kg. Member States shall ensure that liquid fuels other than those gas oils may be used in inland waterway vessels and recreational craft only if the sulphur content of those liquid fuels does not exceed the maximum permissible content of those gas oils.

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Member States may, for the outermost regions, make specific provision for the introduction of diesel fuel and gas oils with a maximum sulphur content of 10 mg/kg. Member States making use of this provision shall inform the Commission accordingly.

For Member States with severe winter weather, the maximum distillation point of 65 % at 250 °C for diesel fuels and gas oils may be replaced by a maximum distillation point of 10 % (vol/vol) at 180 °C.

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Article 5

Free circulation

No Member State may prohibit, restrict or prevent the placing on the market of fuels which comply with the requirements of this Directive.

Article 6

Marketing of fuels with more stringent environmental specifications

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By way of derogation from Articles 3, 4 and 5 and in accordance with Article 95(10) of the Treaty, a Member State may take measures to require that in specific areas, within its territory, fuels may be marketed only if they comply with more stringent environmental specifications than those provided for in this Directive for all or part of the vehicle fleet with a view to protecting the health of the population in a specific agglomeration or the environment in a specific ecologically or environmentally sensitive area in that Member State, if atmospheric or ground water pollution constitutes, or may reasonably be expected to constitute, a serious and recurrent problem for human health or the environment.

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A Member State wishing to make use of a derogation provided for in paragraph 1 shall submit its request in advance, including the justification for it, to the Commission. The justification shall include evidence that the derogation respects the principle of proportionality and that it will not disrupt the free movements of persons and goods.

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The Member States involved shall provide the Commission with relevant environmental data for the agglomeration or area in question as well as the predicted effects on the environment of the measures proposed.

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The Commission shall provide this information to the other Member States without delay.

Member States may give their comments on the request and its justification within two months of the date of the Commission's provision of information.

The Commission shall take a decision on the request of Member States within three months after the date on which Member States have submitted their comments. The Commission will take Member States' comments into account and will notify them of its decision and inform the European Parliament and the Council at the same time.

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Article 7

Change in supply of crude oils

If, as a result of exceptional events, a sudden change in the supply of crude oils or petroleum products renders it difficult for the refineries in a Member State to respect the fuel specification requirements of Articles 3 and 4, that Member State shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission, after informing the other Member States, may authorise higher limit values in that Member State for one or more fuel components for a period not exceeding six months.

The Commission shall notify the Member States and inform the European Parliament and the Council of its decision.

Any Member State may refer the Commission's decision to the Council within one month of its notification.

The Council, acting by a qualified majority, may take a different decision within one month of the matter being referred to it.

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Article 8

Monitoring compliance and reporting

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Member States shall monitor compliance with the requirements of Articles 3 and 4, in respect of petrol and diesel fuels, on the basis of the analytical methods referred to in Annexes I and II respectively.

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Member States shall establish a fuel quality monitoring system in accordance with the requirements of the relevant European standard. The use of an alternative fuel quality monitoring system may be permitted provided that such a system ensures results of equivalent confidence.

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Each year by 31 August, the Member States shall submit a report on national fuel quality data for the preceding calendar year. The Commission shall establish a common format for the submission of a summary of national fuel quality data by means of an implementing act adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 11(3). The first report shall be submitted by 30 June 2002. From 1 January 2004, the format for this report shall be consistent with that described in the relevant European standard. In addition, Member States shall report the total volumes of petrol and diesel fuels marketed in their territories and the volumes of unleaded petrol and diesel fuels marketed with a maximum sulphur content of 10 mg/kg. Furthermore, Member States shall report annually on the availability, on an appropriately balanced geographical basis, of petrol and diesel fuels with a maximum sulphur content of 10 mg/kg that are marketed within their territory.

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The Commission shall ensure that the information submitted pursuant to paragraph 3 is promptly made available by appropriate means.

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Article 8a

Metallic additives

The Commission shall conduct an assessment of the risks for health and the environment from the use of metallic additives in fuel and, for this purpose, develop a test methodology. It shall report its conclusions to the European Parliament and to the Council by 31 December 2012.

Pending the development of the test methodology referred to in paragraph 1, the presence of the metallic additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in fuel shall be limited to 6 mg of manganese per litre from 1 January 2011. The limit shall be 2 mg of manganese per litre from 1 January 2014.

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In light of the assessment carried out using the test methodology referred to in paragraph 1, the European Parliament and the Council may revise the limit for the MMT content of fuel specified in paragraph 2, on the basis of a legislative proposal from the Commission.

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Member States shall ensure that a label concerning the metallic additive content of fuel is displayed at any point where a fuel with metallic additives is made available to consumers.

The label shall contain the following text: ‘Contains metallic additives’.

The label shall be attached to the place where information indicating the type of fuel is displayed, in a clearly visible position. The label shall be of a size and font that is clearly visible and easily legible.

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Article 9

Reporting

The Commission shall submit by 31 December 2012, and every three years thereafter, a report to the European Parliament and the Council accompanied, where appropriate, by a proposal for amendments to this Directive. That report shall in particular take account of the following:

(a)

the use and evolution of automotive technology and, in particular, the feasibility of increasing the maximum permitted biofuel content of petrol and diesel and the need to review the date referred to in Article 3(3);

(b)

Community policy on CO2 emissions from road transport vehicles;

(c)

the possibility of applying the requirements of Annex II, and in particular the limit value for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, to non-road mobile machinery (including inland waterways vessels), agricultural and forestry tractors and recreational craft;

(d)

the increase in the use of detergents in fuels;

(e)

the use of metallic additives other than MMT in fuels;

(f)

the total volume of components used in petrol and diesel having regard to Community environmental legislation, including the objectives of Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy ( 7 ) and its daughter directives;

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(j)

an updated cost-benefit and impact analysis of a reduction in the maximum permitted vapour pressure for petrol for the summer period below 60 kPa.

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Article 9a

Penalties

Member States shall determine the penalties applicable to breaches of the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive. The penalties determined must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

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Article 10

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Procedure for adaptation of permitted analytical methods and permitted vapour pressure waivers

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts pursuant to Article 10a to the extent necessary to adapt the permitted analytical methods in order to ensure consistency with any revision of the European standards referred to in Annex I or II. The Commission shall also be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 10a to adapt the permitted vapour pressure waivers in kPa for the ethanol content of petrol set out in Annex III within the limit set in the first subparagraph of Article 3(4). Such delegated acts shall be without prejudice to waivers granted pursuant to Article 3(4).

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Such adaptation must not result in any direct or indirect modification of the limit values laid down in this Directive or to any change in the dates from which they apply.

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Article 10a

Exercise of the delegation

The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.

The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Articles 7a(6), 7d(7) and 10(1) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 5 October 2015.

The delegation of power referred to in Articles 7a(6), 7d(7) and 10(1) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.

As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.

A delegated act adopted pursuant to Articles 7a(6), 7d(7) and 10(1) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or the Council.

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Article 11

Committee procedure

Except in the cases referred to in paragraph 2, the Commission shall be assisted by the Committee on Fuel Quality. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 8 ).

For matters relating to the sustainability of biofuels under Articles 7b, 7c and 7d, the Commission shall be assisted by the Committee on the Sustainability of Biofuels and Bioliquids referred to in Article 25(2) of Directive 2009/28/EC. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Where the Committees deliver no opinion, the Commission shall not adopt the draft implementing act and the third subparagraph of Article 5(4) of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

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Article 12

Repeal and amendment of the Directives related to the fuel quality of petrol and diesel fuels

Directives 85/210/EEC, 85/536/EEC and 87/441/EEC are repealed as from 1 January 2000.

Directive 93/12/EEC is amended by deleting Article 1(1)(b) and Article 2(1) as from 1 January 2000.

Article 13

Transposition into national legislation

Member States shall adopt and publish the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than 1 July 1999. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof.

Member States shall apply these measures from 1 January 2000.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.

Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of domestic law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

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Article 15

Entry into force of the Directive

This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.

Article 16

Addressees

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

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ANNEX I

ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MARKET FUELS TO BE USED FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH POSITIVE-IGNITION ENGINES

Type: Petrol

Parameter (1)	Unit	Limits (2)
Parameter (1)	Unit	Minimum	Maximum
Research octane number		95 (3)	—
Motor octane number		85	—
Vapour pressure, summer period (4)	kPa	—	60,0 (5)
Distillation:
— percentage evaporated at 100 °C	% v/v	46,0	—
— percentage evaporated at 150 °C	% v/v	75,0	—
Hydrocarbon analysis:
— olefins	% v/v	—	18,0
— aromatics	% v/v	—	35,0
— benzene	% v/v	—	1,0
Oxygen content	% m/m		3,7
Oxygenates
— Methanol	% v/v		3,0
— Ethanol (stabilising agents may be necessary)	% v/v		10,0
— Iso-propyl alcohol	% v/v	—	12,0
— Tert-butyl alcohol	% v/v	—	15,0
— Iso-butyl alcohol	% v/v	—	15,0
— Ethers containing five or more carbon atoms per molecule	% v/v	—	22,0
— Other oxygenates (6)	% v/v	—	15,0
Sulphur content	mg/kg	—	10,0
Lead content	g/l	—	0,005
►M9 (1) Test methods shall be those specified in EN 228:2012+A1:2017. Member States may adopt the analytical method specified in replacement EN 228:2012+A1:2017 standard if it can be shown to give at least the same accuracy and at least the same level of precision as the analytical method it replaces. ◄ ►M9 (2) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of EN ISO 4259-1:2017/A1:2021 ‘Petroleum and related products – Precision of measurement methods and results – Part 1: Determination of precision data in relation to methods of test’ have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility). The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in EN ISO 4259-2:2017/A1:2019. ◄ (3) Member States may decide to continue to permit the placing on the market of unleaded regular grade petrol with a minimum motor octane number (MON) of 81 and a minimum research octane number (RON) of 91. (4) The summer period shall begin no later than 1 May and shall not end before 30 September. For Member States with low ambient summer temperatures the summer period shall begin no later than 1 June and shall not end before 31 August. (5) In the case of Member States with low ambient summer temperatures and for which a derogation is in effect in accordance with Article 3(4) and (5), the maximum vapour pressure shall be 70 kPa. In the case of Member States for which a derogation is in effect in accordance with Article 3(4) and (5) for petrol containing ethanol, the maximum vapour pressure shall be 60 kPa plus the vapour pressure waiver specified in Annex III. ►M9 (6) Other mono-alcohols and ethers with a final boiling point no higher than that stated in EN 228:2012 +A1:2017. ◄

ANNEX II

ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MARKET FUELS TO BE USED FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

Type: Diesel

Parameter (1)	Unit	Limits (2)
Parameter (1)	Unit	Minimum	Maximum
Cetane number		51,0	—
Density at 15 °C	kg/m (3)	—	845,0
Distillation:
— 95 % v/v recovered at:	°C	—	360,0
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	% m/m	—	8,0
Sulphur content	mg/kg	—	10,0
FAME content — EN 14078	% v/v	—	►M9 10,0 ◄ (3)
►M9 (1) Test methods shall be those specified in EN 590:2013+A1:2017. Member States may adopt the analytical method specified in replacement EN 590:2013+A1:2017 standard if it can be shown to give at least the same accuracy and at least the same level of precision as the analytical method it replaces. ◄ ►M9 (2) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of EN ISO 4259-1:2017/A1:2021 ‘Petroleum and related products – Precision or measurement methods and results – Part 1: Determination of precision data in relation to methods of test’ have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility). The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in EN ISO 4259-2:2017/A1:2019. ◄ (3) FAME shall comply with EN 14214.

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ANNEX III

VAPOUR PRESSURE WAIVER PERMITTED FOR PETROL CONTAINING BIOETHANOL

Bioethanol content (%v/v)	Vapour pressure waiver permitted (kPa) (1)
0	0
1	3,7
2	6,0
3	7,2
4	7,8
5	8,0
6	8,0
7	7,9
8	7,9
9	7,8
10	7,8
(1) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of EN ISO 4259:2006 ‘Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test’ have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility). The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in EN ISO 4259:2006.

The permitted vapour pressure waiver for intermediate bioethanol content between the values listed shall be determined by a straight line interpolation between the bioethanol content immediately above and that immediately below the intermediate value.

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( 1 ) The numbering of these CN codes as specified in the CCT, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2031/2001 (OJ L 279, 23.10.2001, p. 1).

( 2 ) The numbering of these CN codes as specified in the Common Customs Tariff (OJ L 256, 7.6.1987, p. 1).

( 6 ) Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82).

( 8 ) Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission's exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13).

		Official Journal
		No	page	date
M1	COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2000/71/EC of 7 November 2000	L 287	46	14.11.2000
►M2	DIRECTIVE 2003/17/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 3 March 2003	L 76	10	22.3.2003
M3	REGULATION (EC) No 1882/2003 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 September 2003	L 284	1	31.10.2003
►M4	DIRECTIVE 2009/30/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009	L 140	88	5.6.2009
►M5	COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2011/63/EU of 1 June 2011	L 147	15	2.6.2011
M6	COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2014/77/EU of 10 June 2014	L 170	62	11.6.2014
►M7	DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/1513 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 9 September 2015	L 239	1	15.9.2015
►M8	REGULATION (EU) 2018/1999 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 11 December 2018	L 328	1	21.12.2018
►M9	DIRECTIVE (EU) 2023/2413 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 October 2023	L	1	31.10.2023